现在完成时的用法和过去式

目前完毕时的用法和过去式的重要区别:1.概念上的区别:一般过去时:表达过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或常常发生的动作说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对“目前”产生的影响目前完毕时,①表达过去发生并且已经完毕的动作对目前导致影响或后果;②过去某一时间开始并始终持续到目前并且有也许还会持续的动作或状态ﻫHe visited Guilin in 1998.她1998年参观过桂林只是简朴表白在过去某个时间[in 1998]去过桂林这一事实,除此以外别无其她)ﻫJill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑导致的成果是,Jill目前有了一台新电脑)The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经达到了阐明目前的状况:飞机在这儿) The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飞机是一刻钟此前达到的强调动作发生的时间在过去)第一种:对目前导致的影响;过去发生并且已经完毕的动作对目前导致影响或后果;Have you seen the film? (A)ﻫDid you see the film? (B)[阐明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情与否理解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作与否发生过,并不强调与否懂得其内容。
第二种:过去某一时间开始并始终持续到目前并且有也许还会持续的动作或状态He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)He lived in Beijing for 8 years. (B)[阐明]她在北京住了8年A)句讲的是到目前为止她在北京住了8年,也许还会继续在北京住下去B)句讲的是她在北京住过8年,目前不在北京了2. 构造上的区别目前完毕时:基本构造:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed) ① 肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语. He has finished it. They have worked it out.②否认句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语. He hasn’t finished it. They have worked it out.③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语.Has he finished it? Yes, he has; No he hasn’tHave they have worked it out? Yes, I have; No I haven’t ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+have/has+主语+过去分词(v-ed)+其她)Where have they been? They have been to Yunnan.一般过去式:主语+动词的过去式(肯定式)He did it. We hoped to go there.主语+did + not +动词原形(否认式)He didn’t do it. They weren’t there yesterday.Did+主语+动词的原形(疑问式)Did he do it? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t※过去分词的概念:①规则动词的过去分词的构成:v+ed, 如work-worked;study-studied;finish-finished ②不规则动词的过去分词构成:如be-been;have-had;hear-heard;do-done③动词的过去分词和动词的过去式不是一种概念注意:不规则的动词过去分词和过去式有时候同样,有时候不同样;have-had-had; do-did-done; see-saw-seen; be-was/were-been※过去分词的变化规则: 规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相似。
四点变化规则:(1)一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”: work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”:live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”:study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一种辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”: stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped—dropped.3.句子中所用时间词语的区别 一般过去时:一般与表达过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…); last night (week, month, year…);一段时间+ago(several days ago)、 two days ago、a week ago,…;in ,(in 1990, in 1997,in July…)等;just now, at that time/moment, then , long long agoﻫ例子:He was here yesterday.ﻫI got up at seven yesterday morning.My mother didn’t work yesterday afternoon.Did you have a good time last summer? My mother often went to work by taxi last year.ﻫWhen I was a student, I often listened to music.Three months ago, they were still students.目前完毕时:目前完毕时往往同表达不拟定的过去时间状语连用,如already(已经), yet(已经), just(刚), before(之前), recently(近来), lately(近来),ever(曾经)等副词;其中already,just多用于肯定句中,ever,yet,never多用于疑问句和否认句中)He has already obtained(获得) a scholarship.她已经获得了奖学金。
He has just had his meal.她刚吃过饭Have you ever been to Beijing?你曾经去过北京吗?I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).我近来没太看到她ﻫWe have seen that film before. 我们之前看过那部电影ﻫHave they found the missing child yet?她们已经找到了那个丢失的孩子了吗?for + 时间段 如: for ten years时间点 如: since nine o’clocksince 时间段 + ago 如: since ten years ago 一般过去时态从句(主句是目前完毕时) 如: since you came since you got home例如:We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个都市里已经生活了 40 近年。
We have lived in this city since 1958. 我们从 1958 年起就住在这个都市里ﻫHave you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗? Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998. 非延续性动词即瞬间动词不能用于“目前完毕时+表达一段时间的状语”的句型中此类动词有:come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, borrow等例如:buy→ havejoin→ be in/be a member of close→ be closedborrow→ keepopen→ be open,become→ beput on→ wearcome → be in,die → be deadbegin/ start → be on,finish/end → be overgo out → be out leave/move → be awayfall asleep(ill)→ be asleep (ill)arrive→ be herecatch/get a cold→ have a cold 。