形容词和副词的比较级最高级

Lecture 9Lecture 9 形容词比较级和最高级的构成形容词比较级和最高级的构成副词比较级和最高级的形式副词比较级和最高级的形式 形容词与副词比较级和最高级形容词与副词比较级和最高级的基本用法的基本用法 形容词和副词的比较结构形容词和副词的比较结构 形容词比较级和最高级的构成1. 形容词比较级和最高级的构成形容词比较级和最高级的构成2. 不规则形容词比较级和最高级形式不规则形容词比较级和最高级形式 形容词和副词比较级和最高级的基本用法1.原级原级（positive degree)2.比较级比较级 ( comparative degree) 3. 最高级最高级 (superlative degree)形容词比较级和最高级的构成 一般单音节词末尾加-er 和 est, 例如：strong-stronger-strongest 单音节词如果以-e结尾，只加-r 和-st，例如：strange-stranger-strangest 闭 音 节 单 音 节 词 如 末 尾 只 有 一 个 辅 音 字 母 ， 须 先 双 写 这 个 辅 音 字 母 ， 再 加 - e r 和 - e s t 例如：sad-sadder-saddest， big-bigger-biggest, hot-hotter-hottest, angry-angrier-angriest, clever-clever-cleverest, narrow-narrower-narrowest, noble-nobler-noblest 少数以-y, -er（或-ure）,-ow, -ble结尾的双音节词，末尾加-er 和 est （以-y结尾的词，如y前是辅音字母，把y变成I, 再加-er 和 est ，以-e结尾的词仍加-r 和 st ） 其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词 more和most。

例如：difficult-more difficult-most difficult不规则形容词比较级和最高级的构成原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestfarther与 further older和elder nWho is_, Jim or Jack?- Jim. By the way, I heard that Jims father wants to send him to the US for _ education.A. older, farther B. older, furtherC. elder, farther D. elder, furthern1) 用于家人之间表示长幼关系，通常用用于家人之间表示长幼关系，通常用elder（在美（在美国英语中也用国英语中也用older）例：ones elder older brother 哥哥哥哥 the elderolder daughter 大女儿大女儿n2) elder有时用作转义，指职位、身份较高的人。

例：有时用作转义，指职位、身份较高的人例：You are all elder statesmen. 你们都是政治元老你们都是政治元老/资深政客资深政客farther与 further older和eldern3) older专指年龄的大小而言，既可用于一个家庭成员之间，又专指年龄的大小而言，既可用于一个家庭成员之间，又可用于非同一家庭成员之间例：可用于非同一家庭成员之间例：My elder brother is twelve years older than I. 我的哥哥比我的哥哥比我大十二岁我大十二岁MrChen is older than me. 陈先生比我年长陈先生比我年长n4) older只能用作形容词，只能用作形容词，elder 既可作形容词，又可作名词既可作形容词，又可作名词例：例：Tom, you should be humble enough. They are all our elders. 汤姆，你要谦虚些，他们都是我们的长辈汤姆，你要谦虚些，他们都是我们的长辈n5) 最后记住，最后记住，older常与常与than连用，但是连用，但是elder决不能和决不能和than连连用。

用正：正：He is older than me误：误：He is elder than mefarther与 further older和eldern2. farther 与与further：n1) 两者均可用来指实际的距离，既空间上的距离例两者均可用来指实际的距离，既空间上的距离例：We cannot go any farther/further without a rest. n不休息一下的话就走不动了不休息一下的话就走不动了nIts not safe to go any farther /further. n再往远走，就不安全了再往远走，就不安全了 n2) further还可用于比喻意义上的距离或深度，如时间、程度和还可用于比喻意义上的距离或深度，如时间、程度和数量等，表示数量等，表示“更多，更进一步更多，更进一步”，是，是additional的另一种说法的另一种说法例例：We intend to stay for a further two months.n 我们打算再停留两个月我们打算再停留两个月Have you any further questions to ask?n 你们还有问题要问吗？你们还有问题要问吗？ 副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样。

副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样 1. 一般副词一般副词 hard harder hardest fast faster fastest late later latest early earlier earliest 2. 特殊副词特殊副词 well better best much more most badly worse worst little less least 3. 开放类副词开放类副词 开放类副词即以后缀开放类副词即以后缀-ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加-er或或-est，而应在副词原形前加，而应在副词原形前加more或或most如： quickly more quickly most quickly quietly more quietly most quietly 副词比较级和最高级的构成1. 比较级比较级 1）比较级通常由）比较级通常由“形容词（副词）比较级形容词（副词）比较级+ than” 构成，表示构成，表示在两者中间一方比另一方在两者中间一方比另一方“更加更加”连词than后可接句子，后可接句子，也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、式、-ing结构和结构和-ed结构，有时也可省去结构，有时也可省去than。

如：如： Mary is happier than Jane. 玛丽比珍妮幸福玛丽比珍妮幸福形容词和系动词用）（形容词和系动词用） He lives more happily than I. 他过得比我幸福他过得比我幸福副词修饰行为词）（副词修饰行为词） 2）注意）注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致如：前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致如： The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than it did for us. Sound travels faster through water than through air. 3）比较级前还可用比较级前还可用much, even, still, a little等词语来修饰，表示等词语来修饰，表示“得多得多”，“甚至甚至”， “更更”，“一些一些”等意思如：等意思如： Japan is a little larger than Germany. 日本比德国大一点儿日本比德国大一点儿 用用“.times + 形容词的比较级形容词的比较级 + than.”句式表示倍数；用句式表示倍数；用“表示数量的词表示数量的词 + 比较级比较级+ than.”来表示具体的比较差别。

如：来表示具体的比较差别如： Our room is twice larger than theirs. 我们的房间比他们的大两倍我们的房间比他们的大两倍 He is a head taller than I. 他比我高一头他比我高一头 A new laptop costs about _ of a second-hand one.(TEM4 2009)A. the price of three times B. three times the priceC. as much as the three times price D. three times more than the price比较级句型：比较级句型：A is 3(4,etc.) times the size (height, length, width, etc.) of 表示表示倍数，意为倍数，意为“ A 的大小（高度、长度、宽度）是的大小（高度、长度、宽度）是 B的三倍（或四倍等）的三倍（或四倍等）”4）隐含比较级）隐含比较级 有时比较级并不一定出现有时比较级并不一定出现than，这时通过上下文可暗示出如：，这时通过上下文可暗示出。

如： Are you feeling better now? 你现在感觉好些了吗？你现在感觉好些了吗？ 有些形容词在表示比较的时候，用“to”而不用“than”如： prior to 较早的，较重要的较早的，较重要的 superior to优越，高于优越，高于 inferior to 下等的，次的下等的，次的 senior to 年长的，地位高的年长的，地位高的 junior to年幼的，地位低的年幼的，地位低的 preferable to 更好的更好的 The task is prior to all others. 这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要 In maths he felt superior to John. 他觉得自己数学比约翰强 He is two years senior to me. 他比我大两岁 Health without riches is preferable to riches without health. 贫穷但健康要比富有却多病更可取 2. 最高级 1）最高级用于三者或三者以上比较，形容词的结构形式是最高级用于三者或三者以上比较，形容词的结构形式是“定冠词定冠词形容词形容词最高级名词表示范围的短语或从句最高级名词表示范围的短语或从句”（如of all, of the three, in the world, that has ever taken place等）。

如： Of all the writers in England, William Shakespeare is the most widely known. 但是：John is the brighter of the two boys.(比较级前比较级前定冠词定冠词the不不可省）可省）2）副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the如： He runs fastest of the three. 三个人中他跑得最快 3）当用介词短语表明形容词或副词最高级的比较范围，作介词宾语的名词或当用介词短语表明形容词或副词最高级的比较范围，作介词宾语的名词或代词与句中的主语属同一类人或物，并把主语包括在内时，用介词代词与句中的主语属同一类人或物，并把主语包括在内时，用介词of；如；如不属于同一类人或物，而只说明在某一时间、空间范围内的比较时，用介不属于同一类人或物，而只说明在某一时间、空间范围内的比较时，用介词词in 如： He is the tallest of the four boys. （ He 与boys属同类） He is the tallest in our class. （ He与 class不属同类） a most interesting book，most expensive restaurants (这两个most=very)4）可以用原级、比较级、最高级三种形式来表示最高级的意思。

可以用原级、比较级、最高级三种形式来表示最高级的意思如： She is the best student in her class. She is better than any other student in her class. No other student in her class is better than she. No other student in her class is as good as she. 三种形式来表示最高级三种形式来表示最高级n He is the tallest in our class. n He is taller than any other student in our class.n No other student in our class is as tall as he.n Freedom /Time /Love is the most precious of all the things in the world.nFreedom /Time /Love is more precious than any other thing in the world.nNothing in the world is as precious as freedom.nNothing else in the world is more precious than freedom.三种形式来表示最高级三种形式来表示最高级nJane is the cleverest of all the girls in the class.nJane is the cleverer than all the other girls in the classnJane is the cleverer than any other girl in the classnNo other girl n the class is as clever as JanenChina is the biggest of all the countries in Asia.nThe Yangzi River is the longest of all the rivers in China.nXiao Li studies the hardest of allnXiao Li studies harder than anybody else.nNobody studies as hard as Xiao Li.nNobody else studies harder than Xiao Li.比较结构nas adj/adv. as nMary is as tall as Alice.nHe speaks English as fluently as his brother.nnot so/as adj/adv. asnMary is not as /so tall as Alice.nHe doesnt speak English as fluently as his brother.比较结构nas +many/much+名词+asnThere are as many students in Class One as in Class Two.nWe have as much snow this year as last year.nnot as/ so +many/much+名词+asnThere are not as /so many students in Class One as in Class Two.nWe have not as/so much snow this year as last year.比较结构nas adj. +n +asnPeter is not as diligent a student as Mike.nI dont want to attend as dull a lecture as this.nShe is as bright as she is witty.(同一个人的两个方面进行比较）她不仅风趣而且聪明。

nThis book is as interesting as it is instructive. (同一个物的两个方面进行比较）n这本书不仅有教育意义而且饶有趣味nShe is not as bright as she is hardworking.她勤奋但不聪明nThis book is not as interesting as it is instructive. n这本书有教育意义但没有趣味比较结构nmoreA (n/adj.) than B (n/adj)与其说B不如说AnJohn is more daring than quick-witted.n 与其说约翰脑子灵活，不如说他胆大nHe is more honest than silly.n与其说他愚蠢，不如说他诚实 nless A than B 与其说是与其说是A不如说是不如说是BnIt is even more a picture than a poem . 这与其说是一首诗，倒不如说是一幅画这与其说是一首诗，倒不如说是一幅画nIt is less a picture than a poem. 这与其说是幅画，倒不如说是首诗。

这与其说是幅画，倒不如说是首诗 He was less hurt than frightened.比较结构nmore than=verynA)相当于程度副词nI was more than happy to hear of your marriage.nThey were more than pleased with her performance.nB)带有否定意义nThe beauty of the West Lake is more than I can describe. 西湖之美简直难以形容nThat is more than I can tell.n那我可说不清比较结构nno+比较级 + thannJohn is not better than Tom.约翰不比汤姆好nJohn is no better than Tom.约翰和汤姆一样坏nno better than=as bad asnno richer than=as poor asnno bigger than=as small asnno later than =as early asnMary is no taller than Louis.nThe room is no darker than that one.比较结构nno more +n than +n 两者都不是两者都不是nA whale is no more a fish than a horse is.n鲸和马同样不是鱼。

nA bat is no more a bird than a frog.n蝙蝠和青蛙同样不是鸟nHe is no more a writer than a painter.n他既不是画家，也不是作家nHe is no more an inventor than an engineer.比较结构nno less adj./nthann 两者都是nHe is no less guilty than his wife.n他和他的妻子同样有罪nA whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.n鲸与马一样也是哺乳动物nHe is no less clever than his elder brother.n他的聪明程度不次于他哥哥（或者和他哥哥一样聪明）；n He studies no less hard than John. n他和约翰一样努力（努力程度不次于约翰）n She is no less beautiful than her sister.n 她和她姐姐一样漂亮她和她姐姐一样漂亮 比较结构nno more than“仅仅”， “不多于” 有“少“的含义nno less than “不少于” 有“多” 的含义nShe earned no more than 300 dollars a week.n她每星期只挣得300美元nThe rent cost her no less than 500 dollars a month.n她每月所付房租多达500美元。

nThere were no more than 20 students in the hall.nThere were no less than 5,500 wounded.比较结构nnot so muchas=lessthan 与其说与其说A不如说不如说B (lessthan)nIt wasnt so much that I disliked her as that I just wasnt interested.n与其说我不喜欢她与其说我不喜欢她,不如说我对她不感兴趣不如说我对她不感兴趣nIt wasnt so much his appearance I liked as his personality.n与其说我喜欢他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的为人与其说我喜欢他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的为人nThe oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.n与其说海洋把世界分开，不如说海洋把世界连接起来与其说海洋把世界分开，不如说海洋把世界连接起来比较结构nThe great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.n评析：这里被比较的是两个不定式：评析：这里被比较的是两个不定式： to teach you things 和和to teach you the art of learning.n译文：学校教育的伟大作用不在于教会你多少东西，译文：学校教育的伟大作用不在于教会你多少东西，而在于教会你学习的技巧。

而在于教会你学习的技巧nThe great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving.n人生的意义不在于你目前身在何处，而在于你心向何人生的意义不在于你目前身在何处，而在于你心向何方比较结构n（just） as， so 正如正如， 也也（用倒装（用倒装结构）结构） n如：如： Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ the atmosphere. A as it is B the same is C so is D and so is 比较结构nJust as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, so no lies can cover up the fact.n乌云遮不住太阳，谎言掩盖不了事实乌云遮不住太阳，谎言掩盖不了事实nJust as food nourishes the body, so do books enrich the mind.n食物滋养身体，书本丰富心灵。

食物滋养身体，书本丰富心灵比较结构nJust 也可以省去，比如，也可以省去，比如，nAs you sow, so will you reap/so you will reap.n种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆nAs land is improved by sowing it with various seeds, so is the mind by exercising it with different studies.n土壤因播种不同的种子而改良，智力用各科的学习来土壤因播种不同的种子而改良，智力用各科的学习来提高nAs it is the mark of great minds to say many things in a few words, so it is the mark of little minds to use many words to say nothing.n大智者寥寥数语既能达意，寡智者口若悬河仍言之无大智者寥寥数语既能达意，寡智者口若悬河仍言之无物比较结构nThe more the more越 越 nThe older I get , the happier I am.nThe more money you make, the more you spend.nThe more you argue with him, the less notice he takes.n你越跟他辩论，他越是漫不经心。

n天气越热，我们越累nThe hotter the weather was, the more tired we were.n计算机越小，价格越贵nThe smaller the computer, the more expensive it is.比较结构nThe sooner, the better.nThe more, the merrier.nmore and more 越来越越来越nThe prices are getting higher and higher.nShe speaks English more & more fluently.nHousehold electric appliances are getting less and less expensive.n家用电器越来越便宜家用电器越来越便宜He is no more than a child. 他不过是个孩子他不过是个孩子 He was regarded as nothing more than (=only) an amateur. 他仅仅被看作业余爱好者他仅仅被看作业余爱好者 Any questions?Reviewnmore than.nlessthannno more thannno lessthan.nno darker thannnot so muchthanThank you!Ss of Education Class:Finish exercise 9A 、9C & 9B at p194-197.Ss of G1& G2:Finish Exercise25B( p289) 、Exercise25F &25G (p293294)Get ready for direct speech and indirect speech!See you!1. Directions: In this exercise, there are fifteen sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. BDD1）E-mailing is much _ than long-distance calling. A. cheapB. cheaper C. cheapest D. the cheapest 2）This question is _ more difficult than that one. A. rather B. quite C. very D. a little 3）Yang won the women 500 meters in the sports meet. She did _ of all. A. good B. well C. better D. best 4）Among all of us he did the experiment _ . A. more carefully B. most carefully C. the most carefully D. more careful BDDA5）Would you please say it _ ? I still cant follow you. A. loudly B. slowly C. more loudly D. more slowly 6）Mum, this T-shirt is much too small for me. Would you buy me a _ one? A. nice B. large C. nicer D. larger 7）Now China has joined the WTO. So I think English is _ useful than before. A. more B. most C. much D. many 8）I dont think Unit 3 is more difficult. I think its _ . A. more easily B. more easier C. much easily D. much easier 9）The young man drives _ than he did three months ago. A. much carefully B. much more careful C. much careful D. much more carefully 10）Mike is the oldest boy and is taller than _ boys in the class. A. the other B. any C. each D. all DDABDB11）His sister is _ than he. A. younger five years B. five years younger C. five year younger D. five younger years 12）The USA is one of _ countries in the world. A. rich B. richest C. more rich D. the richest 13）He thinks he is superior _ his classmates because his father is an important person. A. than B. to C. of D. with 14）Last year, Matt earned _ his brother, who has a better position. A. twice as many as B. twice as much as C. twice much than D. twice as more as 15）The climate of Japan is milder than _ . A. Canada B. in Canada C. that in Canada D. that of CD nSmoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year _ than automobile accidents. A seven more times B seven times more C over seven times D seven times 2. Directions: In each of the following sentences, there are four underlined parts with one part improperly used. Identify that part and put it right in a proper form. 1）On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in A B their studies than are those with little ambition. C D 2） A great many teachers firmly believe that English is one of the A B most poor taught subjects in high schools at present. C D3）John chance of being elected chairman of the committee is far A B C greater than Mike. DB are more likely C most poorly taught DMikes 4）My knowledge of English literature is more inferior to hers. A B C D 5）The harder she tried, the more badly she danced before such a A B C large audience. D 6）The population of China is larger than any other country in the world. A B C D 7）That product that we sell at a slightly higher price is the more A B preferable to the one of a lower price. C D B inferior B the worse D that of any country B cancel “the more” 8）He took down the largest of the two dictionaries and began to A B search for the word he had misspelled. C D the largerB 3. Directions: Put the following sentences into English. 1）我犯的错误比你多多了。

2）你的猜测与正确的答案相差最远 3）我姐姐比你的大哥大3岁 I made a lot more mistakes than you (did). Your guess is the furthest from the correct answer.My elder sister is three years older than/senior to your eldest brother.4）这个消息使教师们比学生还感到意外5）汽油比前几年贵了一倍 6）我感冒更厉害了这次感冒是我最厉害的一次 Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago. My cold is getting worse. Its the worst cold Ive ever had. The news was more surprising to the teachers than to the students. 1.The little man was _ more than one meter fifty tall.（1995-1-49）（）（1997-1-36） A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost 2.If tap water were as dangerous as some people think _ would be getting sick.（1998-1-41） A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us C. a lot of us more D. a lot more of us 3.Indeed, almost every scientist now finds it impossible to read all the works relevant to his own subject,_ extensively outside of it.(1993年年1月月六级题）六级题） A. much more to read B. much less to read C. much less reading D. still more reading 4.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.(2001年考研题年考研题) A. everything except B. anything but C. no less than D. nothing more than 5.The population of many Alaska cities has _ doubled in the past three years.(托福题托福题) A. larger than B. more than C. as great as D. as many as 。