金属及其化合物专题复习Specialreviewofmetalsandtheircompounds

《金属及其化合物》专题复习（Special review of metals and their compounds）Special review of metals and their compoundsI. concept1. acid oxides- - the oxide that reacts with bases to form salts and water is called acid oxide.Rule - most non metallic oxides are acid oxides.Such as: CO2, SO2, SO3,2. basic oxides? an oxide that reacts with acids to form salts and water is called alkaline oxide.Rule - most metal oxides are basic oxidesSuch as: MgO, Na2O, CuO3. amphoteric oxidesAcid reacts with bases and reacts with bases to form oxides of salt and water called amphoteric oxides. Such as: Al2O3Al2O3 + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2O + 6H+ + 2Al3+ = Al2O3; 3H2OAl2O3 + 2NaOH== 2NaAlO2 + H2O; Al2O3 + 2OH- + H2O = 2AlO2-Acid oxideOxide basic oxideAmphoteric oxide4. amphoteric hydroxideAcid reacts with bases and reacts with bases to form oxides of salt and water called amphoteric oxides. Such as: Al (OH) 3Al (OH) 3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O; Al (OH) 3 + 3H+ = Al3+ + 3H2O;Al (OH) NaOH== 3 + NaAlO2 + 2H2O; Al (OH) 3 + OH- = AlO2- + 2H2O;Soluble hydroxideHydroxide insoluble hydroxideAmphoteric hydroxide5. double salt- - by two or more metal cations and anions consisting of a salt called salt. Such as: KAl (SO4) 2Neutralsalt such as: Na2SO4, K2CO3Acid salts such as: NaHSO4, NaHCO3saltSalt such as Cu2 (OH) 2CO3 (Pseudomonas)Salt such as KAl (SO4) 2Apply -- practice oneTwo. Properties of metals and their compounds1 general properties of metalsMetalNaAlFeCuElectron loss tendencyGradually diminishedReaction with oxygenNa2O2, Na2OAl2O3Fe3O4CuOReaction with waterCan (at normal temperature, intense)Energy (at room temperature, strong alkali)Be able to (heat, steam)cannotThe reaction rate and severity decreased graduallyReaction with hydrochloric acidcancancancannotThe reaction rate and severity decreased graduallyReaction with NaOHcannotcancannotcannotReaction with AgNO3 solutioncancancancanApply - practice twoTransformation relationship between 2 sodium and its compounds:Na2ONaCl, Na, NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3Na2O2Reaction type:(1); (2)(3); (4)(5); (6)(7); (8)(9); (10)(11); (12)（13）；●应用-----练习三●注意--------实验现象实验或反应实验现象钠在空气中燃烧钠受热后，先熔成液态小球，然后剧烈燃烧，发出黄色火焰钠与水反应一个钠浮在水面上；B钠熔化成小球；C钠球在水面上向各个方向迅速游动，钠球逐渐变小，最后消失；D与水反应发出”嘶嘶”的声言；E反应后溶液变红钠与CuSO4溶液反应一个钠浮在溶液面上；B钠熔化成小球；C钠球在液面上向各个方向迅速游动，钠球逐渐变小，最后消失；D与溶液反应发出”嘶嘶”的声言；E有蓝色沉淀产生过氧化钠与水反应一个有无色无味的气体放出，且气体能使带火星的木条复燃。

B向所得溶液加酚酞，溶液变红钠与FeCl3溶液反应一个钠浮在溶液面上；B钠熔化成小球；C钠球在液面上向各个方向迅速游动，钠球逐渐变小，最后消失；D与溶液反应发出”嘶嘶”的声言；E有红褐色沉淀产生铝片在空气中加热加热时，铝箔熔化，失去了光泽，熔化的铝并不滴落Fe2O3与盐酸反应红棕色的固体溶解，溶液变为黄（褐）色厝与盐酸反应黑色的固体溶解，溶液变为绿色FeCl3溶液与NaOH反应生成红褐色沉淀硫酸亚铁溶液与NaOH反应先生成灰白色沉淀，沉淀迅速变成灰绿色，最后变成红褐色向Al2（SO4）3溶液中加入NaOH溶液至过量先生成白色胶状沉淀，然后胶状沉淀逐渐溶解，最后变成澄清溶液Na2CO3溶液中加入酚酞溶液变红色NaHCO3溶液中加入酚酞溶液变红色（较浅）水玻璃中加入酚酞溶液变红色水玻璃中加入盐酸有白色胶状固体生成向水玻璃中通入CO2有白色胶状固体生成H2在氯气中燃烧燃烧、并发出苍白色的火焰SO2通入品红试液，然后加热品红试液褪色，加热，试液变回原来的红色浓H2SO4滴入蔗糖或纸上蔗糖或纸变黑色浓硫酸铜反应与溶液变成蓝色，有无色、有刺激性气味的气体放出，且该气体能使品红试液褪色浓盐酸与浓氨水反应产生大量的白烟氨溶于水的喷泉实验加有酚酞的水通过导管迅速进入烧瓶并形成喷泉，溶液变成红色。

解释：氨极易溶于水，且其水溶液呈碱性）●应用-------练习四3铝及其化合物之间的转化关系：AlCl3铝-铝（oh）3铝酸钠●反应式：（1）；（2）（3）；（4）（5）；（6）（7）；（8）（9）；（10）●注意13与NaOH反应的反应式、实验现象▲反应式AlCl3 + 3naoh = = = 3nacl + Al（OH）3↓；al (oh) 3 + naoh = = = naalo2 + 2h2oal3 + + 3oh - = = = al (oh) 3↓; al (oh) 3 + oh = = = alo2 - + 2h2o▲实验现象(1) 少量的naoh溶液加入足量的alcl3溶液中: --------- 产生白色胶状物(2) 少量的alcl3溶液加入足量的naoh溶液中: ------- 产生白色胶状物, 但白色胶状物立即溶解●应用 -------- 练习五4铁及其化合物之间的转化关系:fecl2 fe (oh) 2fe3o4 fe fe2o3fecl3 fe (oh) 3●反应式:(1); (2)(3); (4)(5); (6)(7); (8)(9), (10)(11), (12)●注意1有关化合物的颜色物质feofe2o3fe3o4cuona2o2fe (oh) 2fe (oh) 3颜色黑色红棕色黑色黑色浅黄色白色红褐色物质cu (oh) 2亚铁盐铁盐cuso4cucl2颜色蓝色浅绿色黄褐白色蓝色 (水)棕 (黄) 色绿色 (水)2.常见几种化合物的俗称学名化学式俗称学名化学式俗称氢氧化钠naoh烧碱、苛性钠碳酸钙caco3石灰石、大理石碳酸氢钠nahco3小苏打氧化钙cao生石灰碳酸钠na2co3苏打、纯碱氢氧化钙ca (oh) 2熟石灰氧化铁fe2o3铁红硫酸铝钾kal (so4) 2明矾四氧化三铁fe3o4磁性氧化铁●应用 ------- 练习六四、常见几种离子的检验阳离子检验的试剂或操作实验现象离子反应式备注h +石蕊试液石蕊试液变红色na＋焰色反应焰色显黄色k＋焰色反应焰色显紫色(透过钴玻璃)ca2＋加na2co3 溶液有白色沉淀生成ca2 + + co32－ = = caco3↓mg2 + ba2 + 的干扰al3＋逐滴加入naoh溶液至过量先有白色沉淀生成, 然后沉淀逐渐溶解al3 + + 3oh－ = = al (oh) 3 /al (oh) 3 + oh－ = = alo2－ + 2h2ofe2＋a加naoh溶液b加kscn + 氯水白、灰、灰绿、红褐无现象、变血红色fe2 + + 2oh－ = = fe (oh) 2 /4 fe (oh) 2 + o2 + h2o = = 4fe (oh) 32fe2 + + cl: 2 = = 2fe3 + + 2cl－fe3 + + scn－ = = [fe (scn)] 2 +fe3＋a加naoh溶液b加kscna生成红褐色沉淀b溶液变成血红色fe3 + + 3oh－ = = fe (oh) 3 /fe3 + + scn－ = = [fe (scn)] 2 +cu2＋a加naoh溶液b加h2s或na2sa生成蓝色沉淀b生成黑色沉淀cu2 + + 2oh－ = = cu (oh) 2 /cu2 + + h2s = = cus↓ + 2h +cu2 + + s2－ = = cus↓ag + 的干扰ag +a加nacl溶液B add ammonia to excessA generates white precipitateB first precipitates, then precipitates, gradually dissolvesAg+ + AgCl: Cl===Ag+ +NH3.H2O = AgOH +NH4+AgOH+2NH3 = [Ag (NH3)]+ +OHNH4+A plus NaOH, heatingB with a wet red litmus testRed litmus blueNH4+ + OH- + H2O = = = NH3NH3 + blue litmus paper.CO32-A plus BaCl2 solutionB plus hydrochloric acidA generates white precipitateB precipitation dissolutionBa2+ + CO32- = BaCO3:BaCO3 +2H+ = Ba2+ +CO2 = +H2OSO42-A plus BaCl2 solutionB plus hydrochloric acidA generates white precipitateB precipitate does not dissolveBa2+ + SO42- = BaSO4:BaSO4+HNO3----- does not respondCl-A plus AgNO3 solutionB with nitric acidA generates white precipitateB precipitate does not dissolveAg+ + Cl- = AgCl:AgCl+HNO3----- does not respondSO42- interferenceBr-A plus AgNO3 solutionB with nitric acidA produces pale yellow precipitateB precipitate does not dissolveAg+ + Br- = AgBr:AgBr+HNO3----- does not respondI-A plus AgNO3 solutionB with nitric acidA generates yellow precipitateB precipitate does not dissolveAg+ + I- = AgI:AgI+HNO3----- does not respondOH-A litmus test solutionB phenolphthaleinLitmus blue APhenolphthalein redApplication - deductionFive, the flame - belongs to physical changes:1 DefinitionsA lot of metal or compounds - it will make the door the flame is special in color when burning, called flame reaction in chemistry.2 flame operation(1) cleaning platinum (or iron) wire;- first washed with hydrochloric acid and then burning caused by alcohol burner flame color and the same.(2) the flame reactionPlatinum wire use washed - take a small amount of metal or its compound, and then placed in alcohol blowtorch burning on the flame color.3 common substances of flame:materialFlamematerialFlameLithium (Li) compoundsMauveStrontium (Sr) compoundsMagentaA compound of sodium (Na)yellowBarium (Ba) compoundYellowish greenPotassium (K) compoundsVioletCopper (Cu) compoundsgreenCalcium (Ca) compoundsBrick redApplicationIn 1 casesThe flame tests described, is correct (A)A with platinum filament flame reaction experiment, first washed with hydrochloric acid platinum, then burning flame to the same color can be used with alcohol lamp.B with platinum filament flame reaction experiment, first washed with hydrochloric acid platinum wire with water wash immediately after use.C flame reaction is a chemical changeD only have metal compounds flame reaction.E only have metal flame reaction.Six, alloy1 DefinitionsA substance with a metallic property consisting of one metal with another or several metals (or nonmetals) called an alloy2 alloy properties(1) hardnessThe hardness of an alloy is generally greater than the hardness of its constituent metals(2) melting pointThe melting point of most alloys is generally lower than the melting point of their constituent metals.(3) the kinds and contents of elements in alloys have a great influence on the properties of alloys.exampleThe following statement is incorrect (B)The melting point of A Al Si alloy is generally lower than that of pure aluminum or pure siliconThe carbon content of B steel is very largeThe hardness of C steel is higher than that of pure ironThe lower the carbon content of D steel, the higher the toughness and the lower the strength.ExercisesPractice one1 a group of acidic oxides in the following substances is (A)A, CO2, SO2, SO3, P2O5, B, MgO, CaO, Na2O, CuOC, Al2O3, Na2O2, Fe3O4, D, H2SO4, HNO3, H2SO32 of the following substances, both sulfate and potassium salts and aluminium salts, are (C)A, K2SO4, B, Al2 (SO4) 3, C, KAl (SO4) 2, D, KHSO4*3 in the following substances, the oxidation reaction can be carried out with H2SO4 solution and NaOH solution; (D) (summary)A, NaHCO3, B, Al2O3, C, Al (OH) 3, D, Al, E, NH4HCO34 in the following substances, the electrolyte belongs to the electrolyte and its aqueous solution is alkaline (B, C)A hydrochloric acid, B, sodium carbonate, C sodium silicate, D sulfur dioxidePractice two1 place the following metals in a beaker containing dilute hydrochloric acid, which is most reactive (C)A, Cu, B, Zn, C, Mg, D, AlThe amounts of the same metals in the same amount of *2 react with sufficient amounts of hydrochloric acid, respectively, and the maximum volume of hydrogen produced under the same conditions is (B)A, Na, B, Al, C, Fe, D, Mg (nodules)3. the amount of Na, Fe and Al of the same substance reacted with the amount of hydrochloric acid, and the volume ratio of hydrogen under the same conditions was (B)A, 1, 1,, 1, B, 1, 2, 3, 3, C, 3, 2, 1, 1, D, 24. the following reactions are not correct in the chemical equation (A, D)A 2Fe +3H2SO4 (diluted) = Fe2 (SO4) + 3H2 = 3B 2Al + 2NaOH + 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 = 2H2O = = =C Cu +2AgNO3 Cu (NO3) = 2 + 2AgD 2Fe +3H2O (g) Fe2O3 + 3H2 = = =5. the following reactions belong to the redox reaction, but not the displacement reaction (A, C)A 4Al +3O2 B Fe = 2Al2O3 + 2HCl + H2 = = = FeCl2C 2Na2O2 + 2H2O 4NaOH + O2 = D = Fe3O4 + 8HCl = FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2OPractice three1, the metal sodium is placed in the air for a long time, and the final product is (D)A, Na2O, B, Na2O2, C, NaOH, D, Na2CO3*2 of the same mass of sodium produces hydrogen in the following circumstances at most (D)A is put into sufficient water and B is put into sufficient hydrochloric acidC is put into full amount of CuSO4 solution, and D is wrapped with aluminum foil with small holes in it and placed in sufficient water3 the following substances are placed in the air and are D (B) because of the oxidation-reduction reactionA, Na2O, B, Na2O2, C, NaOH, D, FeSO4*4 the following groups of substances are mixed and a group of two gases is released (A, C)A mixed sodium peroxide and ammonium chloride solution mixed with B sodium hydroxide and ammonium chloride solutionC metal sodium is mixed with ammonium chloride solution. D aluminum powder is mixed with sodium hydroxide solution5 a small piece of metal sodium is put into the following solution, which produces both gas and reddish brown deposits (B)A magnesium chloride solution, B ferric chloride solution, C copper sulfate solution, D aluminum sulfate solution*6 puts 4.6g sodium in 95.4g water, and the mass fraction of the solution is (D) (Qiao Jie)A equals 4.6%, B equals 8%, C 4.6%, ~8% D is greater than 8%7 in the following statement, what is correct is (C)A when metal sodium is burned, water can be used to extinguish fire. B can store metal sodium in kerosene or carbon tetrachlorideC metal sodium is put into CuSO4 solution and can not be replaced with copper. D metal sodium can not react with sodium hydroxide solution8, in order to remove a small amount of soda ash impurities in sodium bicarbonate solution, the most suitable substance is (A)A dry ice, B, NaOH, C, hydrochloric acid, D, calcium hydroxide9 the ionic equation of the following reactions is incorrect (A)A metal sodium and water reaction: Na+H2O = NaOH + H2 =A small amount of B CO2 into NaOH solution: CO2== CO3 H2O 2+ 2OH+C hydrochloric acid is added to NaHCO3 solution: H+ + H2O + CO2 = HCO3==DNaOH added NaHCO3 solution: OH+ HCO3== H2O + CO32Practice four1 in the following description of the experimental phenomena, what is correct is (D)A sodium burns in oxygen. The observed phenomena are: molten metal, flame yellow, and white solidsB aluminum foil heated in the air can melt, and severe combustion occursC sodium is exposed to air, and sodium loses its metallic luster and produces pale yellow solidD will be a small piece of sodium into the CuSO4 solution is floating on the surface of sodium solution; sodium melting ball; sodium ball on the surface of the liquid to walk quickly in all directions, sodium ball became smaller, and finally disappeared; and the reaction solution issue "hissing" claim; blue precipitate2 a small piece of sodium is put into a beaker containing kerosene and water, and the observed phenomenon is (D)A sodium floats on the surface of the beaker, and B kerosene burns up, producing a lot of smokeC sodium sinks at the bottom of the beaker. D sodium floats at the interface of water and kerosene until the reaction is overPractice five1 the solution of the following substances can be packed in an aluminum container, and (C)A KOH solution, B CuSO4 solution, C concentrated nitric acid, D white vinegar*2 when a colorless solution is placed in an aluminum sheet, hydrogen is produced. In this solution, the following ions are bound to exist in large amounts. (A)A Na+ B Mg2+ C OHD CO32*3 a colorless solution is placed into the aluminum sheet to produce hydrogen. In this solution, it is possible to (possibly) coexist with a large number of ion groups (A)A Na+, K+, Al3+, Na+, SO42B Cl -, SO42 -, transport are No3C Na+, K+, Na+, K+, CO32, SO42D HCO3, SO42 -*4 the following substances, which can react with dilute hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide solution reacts with oxides (salt) is (B)A, Al, B, Al2O3, C, Al (OH) 3, D, NaHCO3, E (NH4) 2CO35 the same quality of two aluminum powder, respectively, add sufficient amount of NaOH solution and sufficient hydrochloric acid, the same conditions of the gas volume ratio is (C)A, 1, 2, B, 2, 1, C, 1,, 1, D, 1: 3*6. two unlabeled colorless solutions in each of the following groups are identified without the use of other reagents (A)A, AlCl3 and NaOH, B, NaHCO3 and NaOH, C, Na2SO4 and BaCl2, D, AgNO3, and NaCl*7 has six solutions: NaCl, FeCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2, CuCl2, AlCl3, and NH4Cl, which can be identified with only one reagent. (B)A, H2SO4, B, NaOH solution, C, ammonia, D, KSCN solution8 the following statement is incorrect (A, C, F)A aluminum and oxygen do not react at room temperature; B, Al (OH) 3 can trap suspended matter in waterC Al (OH) 3 can be dissolved in NaOH solution, ammonia water and dilute sulfuric acid D. Alumina is a better refractory materialE aluminum is easily oxidized, but alumina produced by oxidation has the function of protecting internal aluminumF aluminum is the most abundant element in the earth's crust9 the following groups of ions can coexist in a large number of solutions (E)A Mg2+, Na+, H+, K+, Cl -, AlO2B, Ag+, Cu2+, HCO3C transport are No3 transport are No3 and SO42 -D Fe3+, Al3+, Mg2+, Fe2+, OHE Cl -, SO42 -, Cl -10 the following reactions in the ionic equation are incorrect (A, D)A aluminum and NaOH reaction solution: 2Al + 3H2 = 2OH+H2O = 2AlO2+B AlCl3 solution and ammonia react: Al3+ + 3NH3, H2O = Al (OH) 3: +3NH4+C Al (OH) 3 and NaOH (OH) Al reaction solution: 3 + OH== AlO2+ 2H2OD Al2O3 and NaOH Al2O3 H2O AlO2+ +2OH== solution reaction:And al2o3与稀h2so4 反应: Al2O3 + 6h + = = = 2al3 + + 3H2O●练习六1下列物质中, 不能由相应的单质化合而成的是 (b g)The Na2O2 B FeCl2 C CuCl2 D AlCl3 and SO2 f Fe3O4 G.* 2下列各组物质相互反应时, 改变反应条件、反应物的用量或反应物的浓度, 生成的产物不变的反应是 (d)The 钠与氧气反应 B 澄清石灰水与二氧化碳反应 C 碳与氧气反应D过氧化钠与水反应 and 铜与硝酸反应 f 铁与硫酸反应3在fecl3 、cucl2和盐酸混合液中加入足量的铁粉, 充分反应后, 有铁粉剩余, 则反应后溶液中存在较多的阳离子是 (c)The Cu2 + B + C Fe3 Fe2 + D H +4将铁棒插入下列溶液中, 铁棒质量增大, 则该溶液是 (c)The 稀硫酸 B 硫酸铁溶液 c硫酸铜溶液 D 硫酸钠溶液5下列反应的离子方程式中, 正确的是 (d)A铁与fecl3溶液反应: Fe + Fe3 + = = 2fe2 +B铁与稀h2so4 反应: 2Fe + 6h + = = 2 + 3 h2↑ Fe3C氯气通入fecl2溶液中: Fe2 + + Cl2 = = + + 2cl－ Fe3D Fe (OH) 3与稀h2so4反应: Fe (OH) 3 + 3 + 3 + + H2O = = Fe36实验室中为了保存硫酸亚铁溶液, 常加入少量的 (c)A镁粉 B 锌粉 C 铁粉 D 铜粉7只用一种试剂就能将agno3 、kscn、h2so4 (稀) 、naoh四种无色溶液区分开, 这种试剂是 (c)The BaCl2 B BA (NO3) 2 C D 盐酸 FeCl38某溶液中可能含有fe2 + 离子和fe3 + 离子中的一种或两种, 下列的实验结论正确的是 (c)The 向溶液中先滴加氯水, 再滴加kscn溶液后, 溶液变红色, 则溶液中一定有fe3 + 离子B向溶液中先滴加氯水, 再滴加kscn溶液后, 溶液变红色, 则溶液中一定有fe2 + 离子(C 向溶液中先滴加kscn溶液, 不显红色, 再滴加氯水后, 溶液变红色, 则溶液中只有fe2 + 离子D向溶液中滴加naoh溶液, 产生红褐色沉淀, 则溶液中只有fe3 + 离子9下列描述中, 不正确的是 (c)The FeSO4 · 可用于防止食品氧化变质, 延长食品的保质期B向feso4 中加入naoh溶液, 观察到有灰白色的沉淀生成, 灰白色的沉淀迅速变成灰绿色, 最后变成红褐色C向fe2 (SO4) 3 溶液中加入足量的铁粉, 充分反应后, 滴加kscn溶液, 溶液马上变成血红色D铁在氧气中燃烧, 生成红色的fe3o4? ?? ?? ?? ?1。