2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷56（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very（  ）.问题1选项A.obscureB.indefiniteC.dubiousD.intriguing【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析obscure “费解的，不清楚的”；indefinite “不明确的”；dubious“可疑的，不可靠的”；intriguing “有趣的，迷人的”句意：很少有人听懂教授的讲课，因为主题让人费解选项A符合题意    2. 单选题Mutual respect for territorial ______ is one of the bases upon which our two countries develop relationships.问题1选项A.unityB.integrityC.entirelyD.reliability【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析unity“统一”；integrity “完整，正直”; entirely “完全地”；reliability“可靠性”。

句意：对领土完整的相互尊重是两国关系发展的基础之一选项B符合题意    3. 单选题After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally （  ）.问题1选项A.deterioratedB.dispersedC.dissipatedD.drained【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析Deteriorated“恶化”；dispersed“散开，驱散”；dissipated “驱散，消散”；drained “使流干”句意：四年后，对于同一份工作，他的热情最终逐渐消失了选项D符合题意    4. 单选题The field of sociology in the United States developed as a result of a social experience which had very little to do with the political and ideological controversies that stimulated sociology in France and Germany. Rather, the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth. Indeed, it must be emphasized that from its beginning, sociology has had a very practical interest, which was characterized less by political divisiveness than by social reform and social work. This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present. It has only been since World WarⅡ，however, that there has existed something in American higher education that could be properly termed a “sociological establishment” or a highly respected academic field of study. Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.Today，what does the academic sociologist do? Professional sociologists are individuals who study and teach about societies，social institutions，and the patterns of human interaction and human behavior. As a scientific discipline，sociology may be divided into three broad, analytical fields: the study of groups; institutions analysis; and the study of the social structure in general. Thus, the content of the rapidly expanding discipline of sociology is based upon culture and society，with emphasis placed upon the study of the various types of interaction and relationships which exist among individuals and human groups. In the study of such areas as social organization and disorganization, sociologists attempted to explain the evolution and change of social institutions and the changing nature of human attitudinal and value systems. Among the selected topics of investigation included within the study of sociology are the changing nature of family life，institutional life, sexual attitudes, crime and violence，religious values, and the entire gamut of interpersonal relationships in politics and government. Indeed，many of the areas which professional sociologists study are, by their very nature, relatively familiar to many of us even though they are not clearly understood. The basic hypotheses of the discipline—that social life (both group and individual behavior) is patterned； that value and attitudes are learned, reinforced, and shared; that we as individuals are, in many respects，what others consider us to be—are ideas which most people now instinctively accept in order to live and function as members of society. These topics, which emphasize individual and group behavior processes, then, comprise areas of concern for sociology as one of the behavior science disciplines.During these last decades of the twentieth century advanced Western society will continue to be confronted with crucial social issues in the context of both individual and group behavior patterns resulting from continued rapid technological expansion. The solution to the problem plaguing our complex society will become，to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences. This trend is being witnessed currently by the increasing numbers of behavioral scientists that are being employed by government, by business and industry, by hospitals and other agencies devoted to problems of health care, by welfare agencies, by public educational systems, and by many other types of organizations in which some systematic knowledge of human behavior is required.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to ________.2.Which of the following statements about sociology would the author be most likely to disagree with?3.It can be inferred from the passage that social psychology and cultural anthropology_________.4.Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?5.The word “empirical” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_________.问题1选项A.distinguish sociology in the United States from sociology in France and GermanyB.compare sociology with social psychology and cultural anthropologyC.provide a general discussion of modern Western sociology and its significanceD.show that sociology is the study of social institutions问题2选项A.Most sociologists are interested in theoretical rather than practical questions.B.There is a discernable structure to everyone’ s behavior.C.Human behavior can be systematically studied.D.One’s self-image is not encoded genetically.问题3选项A.are subareas of sociologyB.are other names for sociologyC.will achieve the academic respectability of sociologyD.may be consulted for solutions to sociology problems问题4选项A.Sociology theory is rarely based on empirical evidence.B.The problems facing sociologists do not change as times change.C.The problems of immigrants in a new culture stimulate sociological research.D.There are factors in interpersonal relationships that are not of interests to the sociologist.问题5选项A.“relating to experience and observation”B.“relating to behavior and manner”C.“concerning academy”D.“relying on education”【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨题。

根据全文可知，第一段讲到了说美国社会学发展的重要性，第二段讲到了社会学的领域和内容，最后讲到了社会学在解决复杂的社会问题中的重要性选项C符合题意 2.推断题根据文章第一段，“This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present.”，这门学科强调实践的特点一直延续至今所以社会学是注重实践的选项A符合题意 3.推断题根据文章最后一段，“…to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences.”，可知在更大程度上，解决我们的复杂社会更多麻烦的问题，将成为社会学、社会心理学和文化人类学的主要责任可推断出社会心理学和文化人类学是可以用于解决社会问题的选项D符合题意 4.推断题。

根据文章第一段，“…the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth.”，可知，社会学学科的发展是社会经历发展的结果，这种经历伴随着移民社会的诸多问题：快速工业化和城市扩张引起的骚乱可推断出新文化中的移民问题激发了社会学研究选项C符合题意 5.词义题根据文章第一段最后一句， “Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.”，可知作为一个学科，它的主要优势来源于对于识别和解决实际的且相当重要的社会问题的完全依据经验的和老练的方法。

所以是用富有经验和老练的方法解决社会问题选项A符合题意5. 单选题We have to ________ the routine expenditure，otherwise it will be impossible for us to afford a car.问题1选项A.declineB.condenseC.curtailD.dwindle【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析decline “下降，衰落”；condense “使浓缩”；curtail“缩减，剪短”；dwindle“使缩小，减小”句意：我们必须缩减日常开支，否则我们不可能买得起一辆车选项C符合题意    6. 单选题Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn.Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage. A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42. 7 % of all college students engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks.An 18-year-old freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology drank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State University died from alcohol poisoning.“Alcohol is always toxic. It’s really a poison，”said Steven Schandler，professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction research at the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. “Because it’s a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die.Administrators and doctors say that college freshmen are especially at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol.But problems with alcohol aren’t limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-year-old Buena Park man recently recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad shape.Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4 %—five times the legal intoxication limit of 0. 8%—can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics have higher limits. Although not well understood，enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said.Regardless of a person’s tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol taken in exceeds the amount that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins its attack. Alcohol first affects the brain’ s cortex，which controls more sophisticated thought processes. That’ s why people generally become less inhibited under the influence of alcohol，and some are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others.Coordination, mainly controlled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper into the brain until “it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat,” said Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant clinical professor of emergency medicine at UC Irvine.At that point, people may pass out or fall into a coma. Their vital signs may weaken. “The most common cause of death from alcohol poisoning is respiratory arrest，” said Ginther. Eventually, the heart simply stops. Getting to that point is fairly unusual. But Ginther said that at least once or twice a month, patients are brought into the emergency room at UCI Medical Center in Orange suffering from alcohol poisoning.College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no fail-safe method to keep students from drinking. Many colleges try to educate students, especially those caught drinking illegally or causing disruptions. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention in Newton, Mass，advocates a community-based approach that includes administrators, faculty, police and businesses in the fight to curb binge drinking, in part by being on alert for people abusing alcohol. The center also stresses the importance of parental guidance and urges parents to have frank discussions with their children about excessive drinking.1.From the passage，we can learn that “binge drinking” is ______.2.Why are college freshmen especially at risk for alcohol poisoning according to administrators and doctors?3.What can enzymes do when one is drunk?4.Which of the following is TRUE?5.Binge drinking may most seriously lead to__________.问题1选项A.an excessive consumption of alcoholB.drinking oneself into a comaC.drinking poisonous alcoholD.a kind of illegal drinking问题2选项A.Their bodies are not used to alcohol.B.They cannot refrain themselves.C.They are under greater pressure.D.Both A and B问题3选项A.They help drunken people survive when they take in more alcohol than tolerable.B.They help people in coma regain consciousness.C.They expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys.D.They can make people stay conscious.问题4选项A.College officials are aware of the seriousness of students’ binge drinking but cannot do anything.B.College officials are taking measures to prevent binge drinking though without much success.C.College officials think that they do not have any methods to stop students from drinking.D.College officials just stand by without doing anything to the problem.问题5选项A.deathB.crazinessC.disabilityD.unconsciousness【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.词义题。

根据文章第一段，“Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage.”，可知Binge drinking在大学是很常见的，许多成年人把饮酒过量看作是人生的一种仪式，所以binge drinking应该是过度饮酒的意思选项A符合题意 2.细节理解题根据文章第五段，“…in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol.”，可知一方面原因是缺乏克制，另一方面是刚开始喝酒对酒精耐受度较低选项D符合题意3.细节理解题根据文章第七段，“…enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more…”，可知酶能分解并且排出肝脏和肾脏的酒精, 这对经常喝酒的人效果更好，这样他们可承受更多酒精。

选项C符合题意 4.细节理解题根据文章最后一段第一句，“College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no fail-safe method to keep students from drinking.”，可知大学行政人员一直密切关注饮酒一事，但没有相对安全的方法能阻止学生饮酒选项B符合题意 5.细节理解题根据文章第七段第一句，“Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4 %—five times the legal intoxication limit of 0. 8%—can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people.”，可知血液内酒精含量为4%时，是法定的酒精中毒的限度0. 8%的五倍，对大部分人产生致命的影响所以会造成致命伤害选项A符合题意 7. 单选题Please don’t _______ too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.问题1选项A.hesitateB.fingerC.retainD.dwell【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。

hesitate “犹豫，踌躇”；finger“用手触摸，拨弄”；retain “保持， 记住”；dwell“凝思，居住”句意：请不要过多细想痛苦的记忆，所有事都会好起来的选项D符合题意    8. 单选题The hands on my alarm clock are ______，so I can see what time it is in the dark.问题1选项A.exoticB.gorgeousC.luminousD.spectacular【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析exotic“奇异的，引人注目的”；gorgeous“极好的，华丽的”；luminous“发光的，发亮的”；spectacular“壮观的，惊人的”句意：我手边上的指针会发光，所以我能在黑暗中看清时间选项C符合题意    9. 单选题After the disaster of flood，people all over the village made _________ effort to rebuild their home.问题1选项A.superfluousB.tenuousC.strenuousD.fatuous【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。

superfluous “多余的，不必要的”；tenuous “无关紧要的”；strenuous “费力的，紧张的”；fatuous “愚笨的，昏庸的”句意：洪灾过后，全村的人们都努力重建家园选项C符合题意10. 单选题The losing candidate ________ immediately after the polls had closed.问题1选项A.confessedB.concededC.concurredD.admitted【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析confessed “承认，认罪”；conceded “承认，坦白”；concurred “同意”；admitted “承认”句意：投票选举结束后，输掉的候选人立即坦白承认了选项B符合题意    11. 单选题In his 1976 study of slavery in the United States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel，Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves，achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves’ extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings compel attention.Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth registers. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households; however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves’ cultural heritage. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of—and so was crucial in sustaining—the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.Gutman’s examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which，though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins’ marrying is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationships were few, as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive” kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure—which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century—provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.In sum, Gutman’s study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves’ achievements，one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.1.With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?2.Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music，and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?3.Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the period of Black slave in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?4.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?5.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage based on its content?问题1选项A.Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.B.Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.C.Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.D.Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.问题2选项A.The heritage was formed primarily out of the experiences of those slaves who attempted to preserve the stability of their families.B.The heritage was not formed out of the experience of those slaves who married their 。