2019年高考英语真题分类汇编：专题20-议论文和说明文类(含答案解析)

专题二十 完形填空之议论文和说明文类1.【2018 广东】完形填空（共 15 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 30 分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从115 各题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is_1_ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live if heor she is _2_ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannotcontinue to reproduce _3_. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and _4_ die.Even though we can t live forever, we are living a _5_ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span（ 寿命 ） was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the _6_ line between middle age and old age. After all,many older people dont begin to experience physical and mental _7_ until after age 75.People are living longer because more people _8_ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature,many children died of common childhood _9_. Now that the chances of dying _10_ are much lower, the chances ofliving long are much higher due to better diets and health care.On the whole, our population is getting older. The _11_ in our population will have lasting effects on our socialdevelopment and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see _12_, not disaster,many menand womenin their “golden years ” are healthy, still active, and young in _13_ if not in age.As the society grows old, we need the _14_ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead ofthem, they need to _15_ active and devoted.1.A. designedB. selected C. improvedD. discovered2.A. completely B. generally C. apparentlyD. extremely3.A. rapidlyB. harmlessly C. endlesslyD. separately4.A. eventuallyB. hopelessly C. automaticallyD. desperately5.A. busierB. longer C. richerD. happier6.A. finishingB. guiding C. waitingD. dividing7.A. stressB. damage C. declineD. failure8.A. surviveB. enjoy C. rememberD.value9.A. problemsB. fears C. worriesD.diseases10. A. poorB. young C. sickD. quiet11. A. changesB. recovery C. safetyD. increases12. A. dreams B. chances C. strengthsD. choices13. A. mindB. appearance C. voiceD. movement14. A. protecti on B. suggesti ons C. con tributi onsD. permissi on15. A. sound B. appear C. turnD. stay【解析】试题分析：这篇短文讲述的是人的寿命是有限的，但是随看社会的发展，生活水平的提高人们的寿命比 以前更长了，而且老龄化已经成为了社会的一个超势我们的社会需要这些老年人们继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献。

1 A考查动词及语境的理解 句青:犬多数研究年龄的科学家们认为人体被设计的不会活过120岁odesigned设计；selected选择丿挑选；tmprjed提高，改善diovered发现根据句竜可知，科学家们认为人体的 结构设计决定了人类最多不会活过120岁,故应选A.2D考查副词更语境的理解句意：然而110岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命-如果他非常的傩康和幸 运completely完全地；geneially骰地；apparently显然地；exuemly根其，非常根1句意可知丿如 果一个人非常的健康而且很幸运，人们希望能活到110岁3.C考查副词顶语境的理解句意：然而我们的细胞不会一直无止境的再生rapidlv快速地；harniessly无 害地；mdtQy无止境的；separateiy分寫地，分开地根据文意可知，因为人体的细胞不会无止境的再生， 因此人的寿命是有限的因此应选C*4盘考杳副词及语境的理解句意：他们（细胞）慢慢消耗尽结果我们就会变老最终死亡evenmally最 终；hopelessly没有希望地；auromaiically自动地；desperately绝望地自暴自弃地*根擔句意可知选 45-B考查形容词及语境的理解。

句意：尽菅我们不能永久的活着，我们的寿命比汰前是更长了busier更忙 的；longer更长的；fichei更富有的；happier更幵心的根据这一段的內容可無现在人的寿翕比以前更 长了o故选Bo6 D考查形容词及语境的理解句意：作为中年和老年的分界线，砧岁可能已经过时了fimshmg完成！guiding指导，指引：xaiitng等待；dividing划分根擔文意可矢lb把65岁当做中年和老年的分界线& 已经不适合现在的形势了dividi ng line 分界线，故选 D7. C 考查名词及语境的理解句意：毕竟，很多老年人直到75 岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰落stress 压力，压迫；damage 损坏；decline 衰落，衰弱；failure 失败根据句意可知，现在很多老年人是在 75 岁之后 身体和精神才开始衰弱的，故选 Co8. A 考查动词及语境的理解 句意：现在人们活得更长因为更多的人从童年中幸存下来survive 幸存；enjoy 喜欢，欣赏；remember 记得；value 价值，估价根据这一段的内容和 the chances of living long are muchhigher due to a betterdiets and health care可知，现在的人平均寿命比以前更长的一个原因是人们从童年的疾病中幸存了下来，故选 Ao9. D 考查名词及语境的理解。

句意：在现代医学改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病problems问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病根据句意可知，以前的人们因为很多普遍的儿童疾 病而死，所以导致平均寿命比较低10. B 考查形容词及语境的理解句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因为有了更好的饮食和医学护理poor 穷的；you ng 年轻的；sick 病的；quiet 安静的根据这一段的意思可知，以前人们在小的时候就因为生病死去了，dyi ng you ng 就是年少死去11. A 考查名词及语境的理解句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响cha nges 改变；recovery 恢复；safety 安全；in creases 增长，增加根据下文中 Somepeople fear such cha nges will可知，我们现在的人口结构改变了，故选A12. B 考查名词及语境的理解句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机会，而不是灾难dreams 梦想；chances 机会；strengths力量；choices 选择。

根据句意可知，这句话中的 while表示对比，即跟前一种人不一样的看法，故选B13. A 考查名词及语境的理解句意：现在，很多处在“黄金年龄”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然积极，心态也很年轻 mind 心态；appearanee 外表；voice 声音；movement 移动根据句意可知，这里应该是说虽然年龄老了，但是心态依然年轻，故选A14. C 考查名词及语境的理解句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献protection 保护；suggestions建议；contributions贡献；permission 允许根据文意可知，现在的社会逐渐老龄化，因此老年人也要继续给我们的社会做贡献，故选C15. D 考查动词及语境的理解句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神sou nd 听起来；appear 好像；出现；turn 转，变成；stay 保持根据文意可知，现在人们的寿命更长了，因此老年人也要继续保持积极心态，为我们的社会做贡献故应选D考点定位】社会现象类短文名师点睛】这篇短文是一篇议论文，讨论了人类寿命增加这个话题，主要考查学生名词、形容词、动词、副 词等实词在具体语言环境下的使用和词义辨析，同时考查学生的语篇理解的能力。

学生要在理解短文大意的基 础上，对每个题目中设置的选项进行辨析，同时还需要注意上下文的暗示，选出最符合文意的一项2.【2018 重庆】BImagi ne the first days in a new time zone. Slow to resp ond to the 28_,_ your body clock is con fused.You re sleepy all day, but when it s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you are29et lag（时差反应）.Travelers have traditi on allyfought this 30_withsleep ing pills or alcohol. There are actuallyhealthier ways that can work just as 31.For example, the mome nt you get on the airpla ne, start 32 your biological_block to thedestination s time. If it s daytime in your destination, try to stay_33_._ Walking around thecab in （客舱） can be of help. Whenit s ni ghttime, try to sleep. In that case, eat before the flight, 34 a n empty stomach willpreve nt you from sleep ing. These tips will help you start a new 35of sleep_and wakefu In ess.28. A. flightB.changeC. dema ndD. climate29. A. sufferi ng fromB. work ing onC. looki ng intoD. leadi ng to30. A. dan gerB. problemC. wasteD. fear31. A. brieflyB. slowlyC. sudde nlyD. effectively32. A. checki ngB. sendingC. adjusti ngD. stopp ing33. A. awakeB. aloneC. hungryD. calm34. A. thoughB. soC. wholeD. orawake 保持清醒，故选 A 项。

34.D考查连词辨析 A Though 虽然如此 B so 因此次 C while 虽然如此提前吃饭，否则，空腹会让阻止你睡Or 表示转折，故选 D 项35.B 考查名词辨析A Understanding明白的 B cycle 圈；C research建议能帮你开始新生物钟根据语境可知选B 项考点定位】日常生活类短文【名师点睛】本篇完形从日常生活中的细节入手，根据常识能够得出答案如 答案，做此类题目时，考生可以先根据选项来阅读文章，认真筛选甄别，这样有的放矢，大大提高阅读的效率, 不可盲目地跟着感觉来进行解读，文中的每句话都有其出现的意义，上下文的联系是十分重要的3.Direct ions: For each bla nk in the followi ng passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each bla nk with the word or phrase that best fits the con text.If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meaning, you would notdetect in terest in roma nee among the artists. 51 , you would see_ple ntyof animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people s earned to center on huntingand gatheri ng wild foods for meals.In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more _52_ in people slives. The 53_is_all_around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of booksand movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.Researchers are studyingwhether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be _54_._ They ask,what is love? Toothpaste compa nies want us to think attract ion is all about clea n teeth, but clea n teeth go only so far.35. A. un derstandingB. cycleC. researchD. trend【解析】试题分析：本文讲述在旅行中如何调整你的生物钟。

28.B 考查名词辨析 A flight 航班； B change 变化；C dema nd 要求；D climate气候；句意：慢慢地对于变化做出反应，你的生物钟就要混淆根据语境可知本文是关于对于时差的反应，故选B 项29.A 考查动词短语辨析 suffer from 遭受战争破坏的 work on从事于;look into调查；lead to 导致;根据时区的变化可知很明显会导致时间反应，故选A 项30.B考查名词辨析Adange 危险性 B problem问题在于 C waste 浪费者D fear恐惧；句意：游客会用药片和酒精来处理这个问题根据语境可知对待时差的问题，故选B 项31.D考查副词辨析A briefly 简洁地址 B slowly 慢慢地址 C suddenly突然地址 D effectively有效地;句意：这有几种健康的方法，并且很有效根据语境可知选D 项32.C 考查动词辨析A checking 检查员 B sending 送到C adjusting调整结构 D stopping 停止播送句意:比如，在上飞机前，开始调整你的生物钟到你的目的的的时间Adjust to 把。

调整到，故选 C 项33.A 考查形容词辨析A awake B alo ne C hun gry D calm句意：如果是白天到目的地，试着保持清醒StayD or 否则；句意：在这种情况下,研究；D trend 趋势；句意：这些28，33 空29 和 31 根据语境得出Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that 55 attract,_too._One thing is certa in: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.First Impressi onTo help determ ine the 56 of attract ion, researchers paired 164 college classmates and hadthem talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other s individuality.Then studentswere asked to 57_what ki nd of relati on ship they were likely to build with their part ners. After nine weeks, they reported whathappe ned.As it turned out, their 58 judgme nts ofte n held true. Stude nts seemed to 59 at an early _stage who would best fit into their lives.The 60_KnowsScien tists have also turned to non huma ns to in crease un dersta nding of attract ion. Many an imalsgive off phero mones n atural chemicals that can be detected by, and the n can produce a resp onsein, other ani mals of the same species. Phero mones can sig nal that an ani mal is either ready to fightor is feeling 61_to_ partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as 62_asother animalsat detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Althoughwe may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously,we give and receive loads of informationthrough smell in every in teract ion with other people.Face ValueBeing fond of some one seems to have a nu mber of factors, in cludi ng see ing someth ing we findattractive. Researchers had people judge faces for 63_._ The participants had 0.013 seconds to vieweach face, yet somehow they gen erally con sidered the images the same as people who had more time tostudy the same faces. The way we 64 attractive ness seem to be somewhat automatic.When show n an attractive face and the n words with good or bad associati ons, people resp on ded to 65_words faster after view ing an attractive face. Seeing someth ing attractive seems to cause happythinking.51. A. I nsteadB. ThereforeC. MoreoverD. Otherwise52. A. roma nticB. stressfulC. centralD. artificial53. A. priorityB. proofC. possibilityD. prin ciple54. A. testedB. impressedC. cha nged D. created55. A. appeara ncesB. virtuesC. similaritiesD. passi ons56. A. illustrati onsB. implicati ons C. in gredientsD. inten tions57. A. predictB. investigateC. diag noseD. recall58. A. criticalB. in itialC. ran domD. mature59. A. memorizeB. distinguishC. n egotiateD. question60. A. NoseB. EyeC. HeartD. Hand61. A. openB. alertC. resista ntD. superior62. A. disappo intedB. amazedC. confusedD. gifted63. A. emotionB. attractivenessC. i ndividualityD. sig nals64. A. enhanceB. possessC. maintainD. assess【解析】 试题分析：古代和现代的人追求不同，现代人追求的是爱，但是科学家依然对爱还不是很清楚。

51. A 考查副词以及对语境的理解 Instead 意为相反， Therefore 意为因此， Moreover 意为此外， Otherwise 意为否则观察空格前后的句式结构，可以前面用的是you would not detect ，后面用的是youwould see ，使用的动词不同，结构相同由于前面有 not ，后面没有，所以可知此处表达为意思相反，所以答 案为 A52.C 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 romantic意为浪漫的， stressful 意为压力的， central 意为中心的，artificial 意为人工的根据上一句话“ life for ancient people seemed to center on hunting ” 及本句的“ In moderntimes，finding love is”，分析语境，知道这两个句子是把古代和现代的情况进行对比前一句用了 center，后一句用 central，两者的关系是同根重现53.B 考查名词以及对语境的理解 priority意为优先权， proof 意为证明， possibility意为可能性， principle 意为原则。

后两句的意思是：很容易准备一系列的有关爱的现代故事在当前的流行文化中， 无数的故事和电影归类为爱情故事根据这两句，的意思，结合上下文语境可知道本句的意思就是有很多证明 的例子，所以答案为 proof.54.D 考查动词以及对语境的理解 tested 意为测试， imposed 意为强加， changed 意为改变， created 意 为创造根据本段的最后一句话“ One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.确定了一件事情是：爱的真理还不确定”可以知道科学家研究的是爱是否能够创造，而不应该是测试，改变或 者是强加其中set in stone 就像中文里说的“板上钉钉”，表示绝对不变55.C 考查名词以及对语境的理解 appearances 意为外表， virtues 意为美德， similarities 意为相 似， passions 意为激情根据划线部分前面的连词 but 可以判断前后是转折的意思， 而 opposites 意为相反的， 所以答案为相似的56.C 考查名词以及对语境的理解 illustrations意为说明， implications 意为含义；暗示；牵连，卷入；可能的结果，影响， ingredients 意为成分， intentions 意为意图，目的。

根据小标题 First Impression （第一印象）以及后面所描述的实验方法、内容和结果，可以知道实验的目的是决定吸引力的成分57.A 考查动词以及对语境的理解 predict 意为预测， investigate意为调查， diagnose 意为诊断，recall 意为回忆根据 58 题后面的 judgment （判断 ），可以知道此处的答案应该是和判断同义的词又根据该 句后面的句子“ after nine weeks，they reported what happened.9周之后，报道发生了什么事情？”可以知道这一些是还没有发生的事情，也就是预测到的东西58.B 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 critical意为 批评的 ， initial 意为原始的 ， random 意为随意的， mature 意为成熟的根据第 57 题预测的东西，那么预测的东西相对而言就是原始的，最初的判断59.B 考查动词以及对语境的理解 memorize 意为记忆， distinguish 意为区别， negotiate意为谈判， question 意为疑问 根据前一句话的意思“结果证明他们最初的判断是正确的”，该句要表达的意思和前 一句相同，也就是说“学生似乎能够在早期区别适合他们的生活人”。

60. A考查名词以1及_对语境的理解Nose意为鼻子，Eye竜为眼睛，Ekan意为心脏；Hand青为手 空格处的词是小标題，是对本段的高度概括4它往往在句首或句末找答案o在本段的最后两句话都摄到了 个词sn创（嗅觉）,四个选项中和嗅贾有关的词只有 d61 A考查形容词以及对语境的理解 叩曲竜为幵放的，alert竜为警觉的，resistant M为抵抗的，sup訥OT意为优越的4根前面的搭配赳U1M叽.要么7要么，表明此处是一个反义表达前面使用 的是战争那么后面应65. A. familiarB. plainC. positiveD. irritating该是一种幵放也就是坦诚以对J52. D考查形容词次及对语境的理解disappointed意为失望的，amazed意为惊奇的，confused意为困 惑的，gifted資为有天赋的宀申磁In contrast （相反）以、及后文Although we mav not be awaic of chemicals尽 管我们没有意识到二结合上下文语境知道在这里表达人类没有像动物那么有天赋*53. B考查名词以对语境的理解emotion意为情atttactiveness意为吸引力）iniividuality意为个 人的，signals意为信号&根据上一句话最后一Mis attractive,结合上下文牛此处的答案和这个望词artiactne是同根重现，所以答秦是attractiveness.64.D考查动词以及对语境的理解enhance意为加强，posses意为拥有，maintain意为维持assess意 为评定。

该句是本段的总结，前面提到的是研究者攸的吸引力实验，最后得出的结论就是我们评估吸引力 的方法自动的这是评估的方法，而不能是拥 E 维持，或者是加强，所臥答案対叱事65. C考查形容词以及对语境的理解familiar意为熟悉，plain 意为普通的， positive意为积极的，irritating 意为无礼的根据最后一句的表达Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking. 看一些吸引力的事情似乎能够导致快乐的思考不能得出答案的表达应该是一种快乐思考，所以答案为positive 积极的考点定位】 这是一篇说明文，阐述什么是爱？【名师点睛】这是一篇说明文，没有生词，主要是考查上下文理解和单词理解需要正确理解4 个单词的选项，尤其要注意一些一词多义的地方，如test, open, question也要注意题目与题目直接的关系，如58 题和 59题；要关注小标题以及段落的开头和结尾结合上下文，留意那些涉及到重现的题目。