2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第56期
2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题He watched amazed at eight squirrels that walked（ ）down the bank, and made for a large pine tree at the bottom.问题1选项A.in profileB.in a rowC.in single fileD.all along the line【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析in profile意为“从侧面看”；in a row意为“一连，成一行，接连”；in single file意为“成纵队，成单列”；all along the line意为“到处，在全线上”句意：他目不转睛地看着八只松鼠沿着河边成单列向河端的一棵大松树走去2. 单选题How much Robert Smith（ ）, the goal stayed unattained, but he still wouldn't give up.问题1选项A.inspiredB.endeavoredC.distressedD.confused【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。
inspire意为“激励，鼓舞”；endeavor意为“努力，尽力，试图”；distress意为“使悲伤，使苦恼”；confuse意为“使糊涂，使迷惑”句意：不管罗伯特•史密斯如何努力，他还是没有达到目标，但他还是不肯放弃3. 单选题The small Jackson is not （ ）now, but he will be famous someday.问题1选项A.magnificentB.prominentC.dominantD.significant【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析magnificent意为“壮丽的，宏伟的”；prominent意为“突出的，杰出的”；dominant意为“占优势的”；significant意为“重要的”句意：小杰克逊现在还不出名，但总有一天他会出名的4. 问答题The reason why James Bond movies are (A) so popular is (B) because (C) they combine the appeal of traditional spy (D) stories with the appeal of technological devices.【答案】试题答案：C; that 【解析】考查名词性从句。
The reason why...is that表语从句（……的原因是……）是固定句型，is后面用that，不能用because5. 单选题Many soldiers have to remind themselves when they return home not to use（ ）of the barracks.问题1选项A.vulgarB.grossC.roughD.coarse【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析vulgar意为“庸俗的，粗俗的”；gross意为“不雅的，恶俗的”；rough意为“（态度）粗暴”；coarse意为“粗鲁无礼的”A、C、D选项一般表示行为，举止粗俗，此处表示使用的语言，gross表示语言的粗鲁不雅，因此选B句意：许多士兵在回家时必须提醒自己不使用军营里粗鲁的语言6. 单选题There has been much opposition from some social groups,（ ）from the farming community.问题1选项A.straightforwardlyB.notablyC.virtuallyD.exceptionally【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。
straightforwardly意为“正直地”；notably意为“尤其，特别”；virtually意为“实际上，实质上”；exceptionally意为“例外地，异常地”句意：已遭到来自一些社会团体的强烈反对，尤其是来自农业区7. 单选题I learnt that there are no genuinely,（ ）animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.问题1选项A.endangeredB.domesticatedC.indigenousD.extinct【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析endangered意为“快要绝种的”；domesticated意为“驯化了的”；indigenous意为“本地的，土生土长的”；extinct意为“灭绝的”由后面的all the animals were brought here from other places（这里所有的动物都是从外地引进的）可知前面表示这个地区的动物不是土生土长的，选C句意：我了解到这个地区没有真正本土的动物，这里所有的动物都是从外地引进的。
8. 问答题The text and dialogue below (A) focus on (B) cultural differences between Chinese and Western societies which (C) can create misunderstanding if ignoring (D).【答案】试题答案：D; ignored【解析】考查分词用法ignore与其逻辑主语cultural difference之间是被动关系，故用其过去分词形成9. 单选题About 50 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sports was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stroke Mandeville, England in 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change. Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been asked by the British government to set up an injuries center at Stroke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sports for the disabled.In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings things developed fast. Teams now come from abroad to Stroke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome. Now, every four years, the Olympic Games for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, although they are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held at Stroke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1604 wheelchair athletes from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stroke Mandeville and not in Los Angles, along with the other Olympics.The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can't enjoy sports. One small source of disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to include the disabled events at the Olympic Games for the able-bodied. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded.1.The first games for the disabled were held （ ）after Sir Ludwig Guttmann arrived in England.2.Besides Stroke Mandeville, surely the game for the disabled was once held in （ ）.3.In Paragraph 2 the word "athlete" means（ ）. 4.Which of the following statement is NOT true?5.From the passage we may conclude that writer is（ ）. 问题1选项A.50 yearsB.21 yearsC.9 yearsD.4 years问题2选项A.New YorkB.LondonC.RomeD.Los Angeles问题3选项A.people who support the gameB.People who watch the gameC.people who organized the gameD.people who compete in the game问题4选项A.Sir Ludwig Guttmann is an early organizer of the games for the disabled.B.Sir Ludwig Guttmann is an injured soldier.C.Sir Ludwig Guttmann is from Germany.D.Sir Ludwig Guttmann is welcomed by the British.问题5选项A.one of the organizers of the games for the disabledB.a disabled who once took part in the gamesC.against holding the games for the disabledD.in the favor of holding the game for the disabled【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。
由文章第一段中的But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stroke Mandeville, England in 1948 by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change. Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany可知第一次举办残疾人运动会是在1948年，Sir Ludwig Guttmann是在1939年从纳粹德国被驱赶到英国，因此选C2.细节事实题由文章第二段中的In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome.（1960年，第一届残疾人奥运会在罗马举行）可知选C3.词义题由文章第二段中的In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1604 wheelchair athletes from about 40 countries took part.（在1984年轮椅奥运会上，来自大约40个国家的1604名轮椅……参加了比赛）可知“athlete”是指参加比赛的人，A选项“支持者”，B选项“观看者”，C选项“组织者”，D选项“竞争者”，因此选D。
4.细节事实题由文章第一段中的Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been asked by the British government to set up an injuries center at Stroke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sports for the disabled.（1939年从纳粹德国被驱赶到英国的Sir Ludwig Guttmann，被英国政府要求在伦敦附近的Mandeville Hospital设立一个受伤中心他对治疗受伤的想法包括残疾人运动）可知A、C、D选项正确，B选项“Sir Ludwig Guttmann是一名受伤的士兵”并没有在文中提及，因此选B5.观点态度题由文章最后一段中的The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can't enjoy sports... Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded.（奥运会在增进国际友谊和理解方面取得了巨大的成功，也证明了残疾并不意味着你不能享受体育运动……也许还需要再过几年，才能说服那些幸运到没有残疾的人，他们的残疾运动员不应该被排除在奥运会外）可知作者是支持残疾人运动会的，因此D选项“支持为残疾人举办比赛”符合题意。
10. 单选题He seems to be （ ）enough to climb to the mountain top in an hour.问题1选项A.radiantB.conscientiousC.conspicuousD.energetic【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析radiant意为“光芒四射的，辐射的”；conscientious意为“认真负责的”；conspicuous意为“明显的”；energetic意为“精力充沛的，充满活力的”句意：他似乎精力充沛，能够在一小时内爬上山顶11. 单选题Your advice would be （ ）valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.问题1选项A.extensivelyB.exclusivelyC.excessivelyD.exceedingly【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析extensively意为“广大地，广泛地”；exclusively意为“唯一地”；excessively意为“过度地”；exceedingly意为“非常，极其”句意：你的建议对他来说非常的有价值，他现在是无计可施了。
12. 单选题I just managed to（ ）a quick breath before I was sucked under the water by the passing boat.问题1选项A.snatchB.scratchC.scrapeD.scan【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析snatch意为“夺去，抢走，抓紧时间做，趁机获得”；scratch意为“挠，，划破，抓破”；scrape意为“刮掉，削去，擦坏”；scan意为“细看，浏览，扫描”句意：在我被那艘过往的船吸到水里之前，我设法赶紧快速地吸了口气13. 单选题Scientists have long argued whether hypocrisy is driven by emotion or by reason. In other moral judgments, brain imaging shows, regions involved in feeling, not thinking, rule the role of emotion in moral judgments has overturned the Enlightenment notion that our ethical sense is based on high-minded philosophy and cognition. That brings us to hypocrisy, which is almost ridiculously easy to bring out in people.In a new study, psychologist David DeSteno instructed 94 people to assign themselves and stranger one of two tasks: an easy one or a hard one. Then everyone was asked, how fairly did you act from “extremely unfairly” (1) to “extremely fairly” (7). Next they watched someone else make the assignments, and judged that person's ethics. Selflessness was a virtual no-show: 87 out of 94 people opted for the easy task and gave the next guy the difficult one. Hypocrisy, however, showed up with bells on: every single person who made the selfish choice judged his own behavior less strictly — on average, 4.5 vs. 3.1— than that of someone else who grabbed the easy task for himself.The gap suggests how hypocrisy is possible. When we judge our own misbehaviors less harshly, DeSteno said, it may be because “we have this automatic, gut-level (本能)instinct to preserve our self-image. In our heart, maybe we're just not as sensitive to our own immoral behaviors. People have learned that it pays to seem moral, since it lets you avoid criticism and guilt. But even better is appearing moral without having to pay the cost of actually being moral — such as assigning yourself the tough job.”To test the role of cognition in hypocrisy, DeSteno had volunteers again assign themselves an easy task and a stranger a difficult one. But before judging the fairness of their actions, they had to memorize seven numbers. This tactic keeps the brain’s thinking regions too tied up to think much about anything else, and it worked: hypocrisy vanished. People judged their own (selfish) behavior as harshly as they did others’，strong evidence that moral hypocrisy requires a high-order cognitive process. When the thinking part of the brain is otherwise engaged, we’re left with gut-level reactions, and we intuitively and equally condemn bad behavior by ourselves as well as others.If our gut knows when we have erred and judges our misbehaviors harshly, moral hypocrisy might not be as inevitable as if it were the child of emotions and instincts, which are tougher to change than thinking. “Since it’s a cognitive process, we have volitional (意志的)control over it, argues DeSteno. The way to change hearts and minds is to focus on the former: appeal to our better angels in the brain’s emotion areas, and tell circuits that are going through cognitive distortions to excuse in ourselves what we condemn in others to just shut up.1.According to paragraph 1, brain imaging is proof of （ ）.2.The conclusion drawn from the first experiment is that people（ ）. 3.DeSteno attributes the subjects’ behaviors to the fact that they（ ）. 4.The second experiment proves that（ ）.问题1选项A.emotional basis of moral judgmentsB.emotion-driven hypocrisyC.reason-driven hypocrisyD.the Enlightenment notion问题2选项A.prefer easy tasksB.like picking faults of othersC.demand both benefits and reputationD.are hypocritical in nature问题3选项A.are self-centeredB.are insensitive to misbehaviorsC.have realized that it costs to be moralD.have reasoned that hypocrisy is beneficial问题4选项A.selfishness is the result of cognitionB.human are moral and fair by natureC.moral judgments are made by cognitionD.judgments by intuition are reliable【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。
文章第一段的内容为：长期以来，科学家们一直在争论，伪善是由情感驱动还是由理性驱动在其他道德判断中，大脑成像显示，情绪在道德判断中所起的作用所涉及的是情感而不是思维的区域，颠覆了启蒙运动的观念这给我们带来了伪善，这在人身上几乎是可笑的可知脑成像是道德判断的情感基础，因此选A2.推理判断题文章第二段介绍了心理学家们做的实验：实验对象给自己和陌生人分配任务，并为自己和别人分配的公平性打分得到的结果是：一方面，无私的现象完全没有出现，人们都为自己选择了轻松的任务而把难的任务分给别人另一方便，伪善倒是大张旗鼓地出现了，人们对自己的自私行为比对别人的自私行为更为宽容因此从第一个实验得出的结论是人们既要利益又要维护形象，选C3.推理判断题由文章第三段中的People have learned that it pays to seem moral, since it lets you avoid criticism and guilt. But even better is appearing moral without having to pay the cost of actually being moral — such as assigning yourself the tough job（人们已经认识到，看起来道德是值得的，因为它可以让你避免批评和内疚。
但更好的是，在不付出实际道德代价的情况下，表现得很有道德——比如给自己分配一份艰苦的工作）可知D选项“有理由认为伪善是有益的”符合题意4.推理判断题由文章倒数第二段中的People judged their own (selfish) behavior as harshly as they did others'... and we intuitively and equally condemn bad behavior by ourselves as well as others（人们像对待别人一样严厉地判断自己（自私的）行为……我们直觉地和同样谴责自己和他人的不良行为）可知B选项“人的本性是道德的和公平的”符合题意14. 单选题Nearly everybody cheats, but usually only a little. That is one of the themes in Dnanel Ariely’s new book “the (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty”. Most of us think we are very wonderful. We can cheat at a little and still keep that “good parson” identity.Ariely, who is one of the most creative social scientists on the planet, had one blind colleague and one sighted colleague take rides. The drivers cheated the sighted colleague by taking long routes much more often than they cheated the blind one, even though she would have been easier to mislead. They would have felt guilty cheating a blind woman. Ariely points out that we are driven by morality much more than standard economic models allow. But I was struck by what you might call the good person construct and the moral calculus it implies. For the past several centuries, most westerners would have identified themselves fundamentally as depraved sinners. In this construct, sin is something you fight like a recurring cancer ― part of a daily battle against evil.But these days, people are more likely to believe in their essential goodness. People who live by the good person construct try to balance their virtuous self-image with their selfish desires. They try to manage the moral pluses and minuses and keep their overall record in positive territory. In this construct, moral life is more like dieting: the good person isn’t shooting for perfection and more than most dieters are following their diet 100 percent. It’s enough to be workably suboptimal and a generally good guy.Obviously, though, there’s a measurement problem. You can buy a weight scale to get an objective measure of your diet. But you can’t buy a scale of virus to put on the bathroom floor. And given our awesome capacities for rationalization and self-deception, most of us are going to measure ourselves leniently. I was honest with that blind passenger because I am a wonderful person. I cheated the sighted one because she probably has too much money anyway.The key job in the good person construct is to manage your rationalizations and self-deceptions to keep them from getting conspicuous. Ariely suggests you reset your moral gauge from time to time. Your moral standards will gradually slip as you become more and more comfortable you’re your own rationalizations.I’d add that you really shouldn’t shoot for goodness, which is so vague. We’re mostly unqualified to judge our own moral performance, so attach yourself to some exterior or social standards. And as we go about doing our good person moral educations, it might be worth asking: Is this good enough?1.To which of the following statement would Ariely agree?2.Western traditional culture maintained that human nature is （ ）.3.According to the author, good person construct（ ）. 4.The word “leniently” in paragraph 4 most probably means（ ）.问题1选项A.A bit of deception invites no Harm.B.We are unlikely to be truly honest.C.We are driven by economic models.D.People tend to cling to moral codes.问题2选项A.inherently goodB.subject to exterior influenceC.genetically determinedD.originally evil问题3选项A.is desirable for its moral implicationsB.contribute to the resistance to inner sinC.is more likely to encourage dishonestyD.can ease conflicts between virtues and selfishness问题4选项A.honestlyB.falselyC.tolerantlyD.subjectively【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。
由文章第一段中的Nearly everybody cheats, but usually only a little. That is one of the themes in Dnanel Ariely’s new book “the (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty”.（几乎人人都会欺骗他人，虽然通常只是一点点这也是Dnanel Ariely的新书《不诚实的事实》中的主题之一）可知B选项“我们不太可能真正诚实”符合题意2.细节事实题由文章第二段中的For the past several centuries, most westerners would have identified themselves fundamentally as depraved sinners.（在过去的几个世纪里，大多数西方人都会认定自己从根本上是堕落的罪人）可知选D，西方传统文化认为人性本恶3.推理判断题由文章第三段中的It’s enough to be workably suboptimal and a generally good guy.（成为一个欠佳的人，但总体上是一个好人就足够了）可推测在good person construct结构下人们对自己的要求降低了，以及本文主要讲的是关于诚实的话题，那么人们也就不那么诚实了，因此选C。
4.词义题honestly意为“诚实地”；falsely意为“虚伪地，不实地”；tolerantly意为“宽容地，包容地”；subjectively意为“主观地”由And given our awesome capacities for rationalization and self-deception, most of us are going to measure ourselves leniently.（鉴于我们在合理化和自欺欺人方面令人敬畏的能力，我们大多数人都会……衡量自己）可知我们会用欺骗的手段合理化自己行为，因此排除A、D选项；由leniently后面句中的I am a wonderful person可知我们给自己的定位是好人，可排除B选项，因此选C15. 单选题When trapped in drifting sands, do not struggle, or you will be （ ）in deeper.问题1选项A.absorbedB.pushedC.heavedD.sucked【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析absorb意为“吸收（液体、气体等）”；push意为“推，推动”；heave意为“举起”；suck意为“ 吸取，吸入，卷进入”，be sucked in意为“被吸进，被卷入”。
句意：当被困在流沙中时，不要挣扎，否则你回被吸进去更深16. 单选题What impact can mobile phones have on their users’ health? Many people are worried about the supposed ill effects caused by（1）from handsets and base stations, despite the lack of （2） evidence of any harm. But evidence for the （3） effects of mobile phones on health is rather more abundant. Indeed, a systematic review（4） by Rifat Atun and his colleagues at Imperial College, London, rounds up 150 examples of the use of text-messaging in the（5） of health care. These uses （6） three categories: efficiency gains; public-health gains; and direct benefits to patients by（7） text-messaging into treatment regimes. The study,（8） by Vodafone, the world's largest mobile operator, was published this week.Using texting to （9） efficiency is not rocket science, but big savings can be achieved. Several（10） carried out in England have found that the use of text-messaging reminders（11） the number of missed appointments with family doctors by 26-39%, for example, and the number of missed hospital appointments （12） 33-50%. If such schemes were rolled out nationally, this would（13） annual savings of about 256m-364m.Text messages are also being used to（14） patients about blood tests, clinics, scans and dental appointments. Similar schemes in America, Norway and Sweden have had（15） satisfying results ― though the use of text-message reminders in the Netherlands, where non-attendance rates are low, at 4%, had no effect other than to annoy patients.Text messages can also be a good way to disseminate public-health information, （16） to groups who are hard to reach by other means, such as teenagers, or in developing countries where other means of communication are（17） . Text messages have been used in India to inform people about the World Health Organization's strategy to control tuberculosis, for example, and in Kenya, Nigeria and Mall to provide information about HIV and malaria. In Iraq, text messages were used to support a campaign to vaccinate nearly 5m children against polio.Finally, there are the uses of text-messaging as part of a treatment regime. These involve sending reminders to patients to take their medicine at the fight time, or to encourage （18） with exercise regimes or efforts to stop smoking. The evidence for the effectiveness of such schemes is generally anecdotal, however, notes Dr. Rifat. More quantitative research is needed — which is（19） his team 。
