2022-2023年考博英语-燕山大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第18期

2022-2023年考博英语-燕山大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The clothes a person wears may express his ______ or social position.问题1选项A.curiosityB.statusC.determinationD.significance【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析A选项curiosity“好奇”；B选项status“身份，职位”；C选项determination“决心”；D选项significance“（尤指对将来有影响的）重要性；意思，含义”句意：一个人穿的衣服可以体现他的______或社会地位根据语境，这里指的是可以通过衣服看出一个人的社会信息，B选项status“身份，职位”符合题意因此B选项正确2. 单选题I didn’t know where to send this ______ letter.问题1选项A.registeredB.maidC.mailD.male【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析A选项registered“（信或包裹）挂号的”；B选项maid“女仆”；C选项mail“邮件，信件”；D选项male“男性的”。

句意：我不知道该把这封______信寄到哪里根据语境，这里指的是寄信，横线处修饰letter，A选项registered“（信或包裹）挂号的”符合题意因此A选项正确3. 单选题 His ______ has changed but he has kept the fine qualities of a scientific researcher.问题1选项A.stateB.statusC.stationD.statue【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句A选项state“情形，状态”；B选项status“社会地位；（进展的）状况，情形”；C选项station“（旧时）（正式）社会地位；站，所”；D选项statue“雕像”句意：他的______改变了，但仍保持着科研人员的优良品质根据语境，这里指他的外在的社会地位变了，但内在品质没有改变，加上这是非常生活化的一句话，可知B选项status“社会地位”符合题意因此B选项正确4. 单选题The greatest contribution to civilization in the century may well be the air-conditioning—and American leads just as amazing is the speed with which this situation came to be. Air-conditioning began to spread in industries as a production aid during World War Ⅱ. Today most Americans need to take air-conditioning for granted to homes, offices, factories, theatres, shops, studios, schools, hotels, and restaurants.But not everybody is aware that high cost and easy comfort are merely two of the effects of the vast cooling of American. In fact, air conditioning has substantially altered the country’s character and customs.Many of the byproducts are so conspicuous that they are scarcely noticed. To begin with, air-conditioning transformed the face of America by making possible those glassy, boxy, sealed-in skyscrapers. It has been indispensable, no less, to the functioning of sensitive advanced computers, whose high operating temperatures require that they be constantly cooled.It has, at will, forced families into retreating into families with closed doors and shut windows, reducing the interactions of neighborhood life. It is really surprising that the public’s often noted withdrawal into self-pursuit and privacy has coincided with the historic spread of air-conditioning. Though science has little studied how habitual air-conditioning affects mind and body, some medical experts suggest that, like other technical avoidance of natural variations in climate, air-conditioning may damage the human capacity to adapt to stress. If so, air-conditioning is only like many other greatly useful technical developments that liberate man from nature by increasing his productivity and power in some way—while indirectly weakening him in others.1. According to this selection, which of the following constitutes the unique character of U.S.?2. According to the author, the chief consequence brought about by the wide application of air-conditioning is ________.3. The tone of this selection reveals that air-conditioning ________.4. Who benefits the least from air-conditioning according to the author?5. What is the author’s overall attitude towards air-conditioning?问题1选项A.Its excessive use of air-conditioning.B.Its advanced computerized civilization.C.Its public’s retreating into self-pursuit.D.Its greatest contribution to human civilization.问题2选项A.the loss of human capacity to adapt to changes in climateB.the reduction of social communications of neighborhood lifeC.the active life style of all its usersD.the decreased human production and power问题3选项A.has little effect on its usersB.has more effect on body than on mindC.brings more benefits than damage to its usersD.does harm as well as good to its users问题4选项A.Factory laborers.B.Consumers.C.Medical experts.D.Manufacturers.问题5选项A.Critical.B.Compromising.C.Neutral.D.Objective.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。

根据第二段第二句In fact, air conditioning has substantially altered the country’s character and customs.（事实上，空调已经极大地改变了这个国家的性格和习俗可知空调在很大程度上影响着美国，A选项“空调的过多使用”正确B选项“先进的计算机文明”：根据第三段最后一句It has been indispensable, no less, to the functioning of sensitive advanced computers, whose high operating temperatures require that they be constantly cooled.（对于灵敏的高级计算机来说，它是必不可少的，因为它们的高工作温度需要不断地冷却可知这里指的是计算机需要空调，而不是计算机影响美国C选项“公众的自我追求”和D选项“它对人类文明的最大贡献”：文中没有提到公众的自我追求对美国的影响，也没有提到美国对人类的贡献因此A选项正确2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题根据第四段第一句It has, at will, forced families into retreating into families with closed doors and shut windows, reducing the interactions of neighborhood life.（它随意地迫使家庭退回到门窗紧闭的家庭中，减少了社区生活的互动。

可知空调减少了人们在社区间的交流，B选项“社区生活中社会交流的减少”符合文章内容A选项“人类适应气候变化能力的丧失”：根据第四段第三句air-conditioning may damage the human capacity to adapt to stress（空调可能会降低人类适应压力的能力），可知空调会降低人的适应力，但不至于到丧失的地步C选项“所有用户积极的生活方式”：文中没有具体提到空调让人的生活方式变得更积极还是消极，这不是文章表达的重点D选项“减少人类生产和力量”：根据文章最后一句air-conditioning…liberate man from nature by increasing his productivity and power in some way（空调……通过在某些方面提高人的生产力和力量，把人从自然中解放出来），可知空调提高人的生产力和力量因此B选项正确3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题根据文章最后一句If so, air-conditioning…liberate man from nature by increasing his productivity and power in some way—while indirectly weakening him in others.（如果是这样的话，空调……通过在某些方面提高人的生产力和力量，把人从自然中解放出来，而在其他方面间接地削弱了人的能力。

可知空调有利有弊，D选项“对用户来说有利有弊”正确；没有分别点出利弊的程度有多深，C选项“对用户来说利大于弊”错误根据文章倒数第二句Though science has little studied how habitual air-conditioning affects mind and body, some medical experts suggest that…air-conditioning may damage the human capacity to adapt to stress.（尽管科学上很少研究习惯性的空调是如何影响身心的，但一些医学专家认为……空调可能会降低人类适应压力的能力前文也提到空调减少社区生活的互动，可知空调对人的身心都有影响，但没有点出对哪方面的影响更大，A选项“对其用户没有什么影响”错误和B选项“对身体的影响比对精神的影响大”错误因此D选项正确4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题根据第一段第二句Air-conditioning began to spread in industries as a production aid during World War Ⅱ.（在第二次世界大战期间，空调作为一种生产援助开始在工业中传播），制造商可以从中赚钱，D选项“制造商”错误。

根据第一段最后一句Today most Americans need to take air-conditioning for granted to homes, offices, factories, theatres, shops, studios, schools, hotels, and restaurants.（如今，大多数美国人在家庭、办公室、工厂、剧院、商店、工作室、学校、酒店和餐馆都需要空调工厂工人可以在夏天仍然享受舒服的室温，A选项“工厂工人”错误根据第四段第三句some medical experts suggest that, like other technical avoidance of natural variations in climate, air-conditioning may damage the human capacity to adapt to stress.（但有的医学专家认为，就像其他躲避气候自然变化的技术一样，空调可能会损害人类适应压力的能力医学专家可以以空调带给人的影响做研究，C选项“医学专家”错误纵观全文，作者点出空调带给用空调的人的各种坏处，比如减少社区互动、降低适应压力的能力等，所以消费者受益最小，B选项“消费者”符合文章内容。

因此B选项正确5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】观点态度题文章提到空调成本高昂、带来的舒适性小，减少了人们的交流，降低了人们适应压力的能力，罗列出很多缺点，却没有提到空调给人们带来的具有建设性的优点，A选项“批评”正确，B选项“折衷”和C选项“中立”错误D选项“客观”：带有批判性就不是客观的态度因此A选项正确5. 单选题______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.问题1选项A.In spite ofB.Because ofC.But forD.As for【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查短语辨析A选项In spite of“尽管”；B选项Because of“因为”；C选项But for“要不是，如果没有”；D选项As for“至于”句意：______英语考试，上星期天我就去听音乐会了根据语境，这里指的是因为有英语考试这个缘故，我没有去听音乐会，C选项But for“要不是，如果没有”符合题意因此C选项正确6. 单选题I’m acting as ______ while the manager is away on business.问题1选项A.agencyB.policyC.deputyD.colleague【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。

A选项agency“（尤指）代理机构，经销机构；（政府的）专门机构”；B选项policy“政策”；C选项deputy“副手；代理人”；D选项colleague“同事”句意：经理出差时，由我______根据语境，这里指经理不在的时候，我来完成他的工作，C选项deputy“副手；代理人”符合题意因此C选项正确7. 单选题Milk, butter, and cheese are ______ here from the farms.问题1选项A.importedB.transferredC.transformedD.transported【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析A选项imported“进口”；B选项transferred“（使）转移，搬迁”；C选项transformed“改变，转换”；D选项transported“运输”句意：牛奶、黄油和奶酪从农场______到这里根据语境，这里指的是把牛奶等从农场运到另一个地方，D选项transported“运输”符合题意因此D选项正确8. 单选题 It was a close boxing game, but the boxer in blue was ______ to be the winner by three of the four referees.问题1选项A.destinedB.deemedC.doomedD.adapted【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项destined“指定”；B选项deemed“认为”；C选项doomed“注定”；D选项adapted“适应；改装”句意：这是一场势均力敌的拳击比赛，但4名裁判中有3名______穿蓝衣服的拳击手获胜根据语境，这里指有三位裁判判穿蓝衣服的拳击手获胜，B选项deemed“认为”符合题意因此B选项正确9. 单选题 Jim knows little of mathematics, ______of chemistry.问题1选项A.and still lessB.as well asC.no less thanD.and still more【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查短语辨析A选项and still less中still less“更不用说（常用于否定句后）”；B选项as well as“和……一样；不但……而且”；C选项no less than“不少于”；D选项and still more中still more“更加”句意：吉姆几乎不懂数学，______化学了根据语境，这里指的是吉姆不太懂数学，化学就更不懂了，A选项中still less“更不用说（常用于否定句后）”符合题意，and作为连词起连接作用。

因此A选项正确10. 翻译题For many traditionalists in business and economics, the death of old-style competition as the number-one route to success will hard to swallow. But in the new view, Darwinian competition is of limited value in longer term. (1)The more important challenges is to create opportunities and adapt to changes in a complex network of companies that may sometimes be cooperators sometimes competitors.Just as the idea of economic webs is forcing companies to change their business strategies, so it is altering views about economics. (2) In place of classic theory of decreasing returns as resources and markets are exploited economist Arthur sees what he calls increasing returns. “Increasing returns are the tendency for what is ahead to get farther ahead,” he says. “if a product or a company or a technology—one of many competing in a market-gets ahead by chance or clever strategy, increasing returns can magnify this, and the product or company can make a killing from a product that is not as good as its competitors.”(3) If business systems and ecosystems have something basic in common there is worrying news for bosses. The first rule of complex systems is that it is almost impossible to predict who is a friend and who is an enemy,” says Pimm. He describes field experiments in which a predator is removed from a community. You might expect its prey, species A, to thrive. (4)But about half the time species A suffers because the predator has another prey species B, competing with species A. With the population of species B no longer kept in check by predator, it may even push species A to local extinction.Business ecosystems face problem of deciding who is a friend and who is an enemy. And the bad news doesn’t stop here. “When everything is connected directly or indirectly to everything else, changes in one part of the system may be propagated throughout,” says Pimm. (60) “Sometimes species may go extinct though no fault of their own.”【答案】1. 在复杂的企业网络中，企业之间有时合作有时竞争，更重要的挑战是创造机会并适应变化。

2. 随着资源和市场的开发，传统的收益递减理论被经济学家亚瑟提出的收益递增理论取代3. 如果商业系统和生态系统有一些基本的共同点，那么老板们就会担忧4. 但物种A总是遭殃，因为捕食者有另一个猎物物种B，而物种B与物种A竞争5. 有时，尽管不是自身的错，物种也可能会灭绝11. 单选题 We agreed to accept ______ they thought was the best tourist guide.问题1选项A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查宾语从句句意：我们同意接受他们认为的最好的导游横线到句尾是跟在谓语动词accept后的宾语从句，横线部分是从句主语，they thought是插入语，was是系动词，the best tourist guide是表语，主语指的是人，D选项whoever符合题意A选项whatever和C选项whichever指的是物，B选项whomever是宾格因此D选项正确12. 单选题He gave us a good ______ of his experience.问题1选项A.demonstrationB.frequencyC.descriptionD.instruction【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项demonstration“表现，显露；游行示威”；B选项frequency“重复率”；C选项description“描述；类型”；D选项instruction“命令”句意：他向我们很好地______了他的经历根据语境，这里指的是分享他的经历，C选项description“描述”符合题意因此C选项正确 13. 单选题The British constitution is ______ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.问题1选项A.byB.atC.whichD.to【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查固定搭配句意：英国宪法在很大程度上是上述历史事件的产物D选项to a large extent“在很大程度上”，A选项by a large extent和B选项at a large extent非固定搭配，C选项which引导从句因此D选项正确14. 单选题He has a bad impression of his ______ in the office.问题1选项A.barbersB.audienceC.colleaguesD.bullets【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。

A选项barbers“理发师；理发店”；B选项audience“观众；听众；读者”；C选项colleagues“同事”；D选项bullets“子弹”句意：他对办公室里的______印象很差根据语境，办公室里的是同事，C选项colleagues“同事”符合题意因此C选项正确15. 单选题These surveys indicate that many crimes go ______ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.问题1选项A.unrecordingB.to have been unrecordedC.unrecordedD.to be unrecorded【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句句意：这些调查表明，许多犯罪没有被警方记录下来，主要是因为并非所有的受害者都会报案many crimes go ______ by the police是indicate的宾语从句，many crimes是主语，go是系动词，横线部分是表语；根据by可知横线部分有被动含义，C选项unrecorded符合题意A选项unrecording没有被动含义；B选项to have been unrecorded和D选项to be unrecorded用法错误。

因此C选项正确16. 单选题 To handle the delicate situation, you must be ______.问题1选项A.carefully enoughB.enough carefullyC.more than carefulD.more carefully【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析more than用于形容词或副词前，意思为“非常；十分”根据be动词后接形容词确定C选项more than careful“非常小心”正确其余选项中carefully是副词，不放在be动词后面句意：要处理这个微妙的局面，你必须非常小心C选项符合题意因此C选项正确17. 单选题 I’d ______ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.问题1选项A.make up forB.make outC.take into accountD.account for【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查词组辨析。

A选项make up for“弥补”；B选项make out“理解；竭力说”；C选项take into account“考虑”；D选项account for“解释；导致”句意：我会______他在其他农民和企业家中的声誉，然后决定是否批准贷款根据语境，这里指以声誉作为参考条件，C选项take into account“考虑”符合题意因此C选项正确18. 翻译题(1) The developing countries of Central and South America, Africa, and Asia once merely exported raw materials and cash crops in return for manufactured goods. People in these countries provided for most of their own needs through subsistence agriculture and small-scale crafts. In time, though, people in these countries grew increasingly dependent on the global economy, because local crafts could not compete with the cheap, factory-made exports of the developed countries, such as European nations, the United States, and Japan. To decrease their dependence, many developing countries sought to strengthen their economies by building factories, modern dams, and roads during the 1960 and 1970s. Government frequently made poor financial choices. However, infrastructure projects such as dams and highways were often too massive for local needs. Choices about industry were sometimes not based on the best interests of the country, and protection from competition frequently resulted in inferior goods. (2) As result, products could not compete on the global market with the higher-quality goods from the industrialized countries. Many developing countries then had little income to pay off debts incurred (招致) during their expansion.A few developing economies succeeded in building prosperity through industrialization during the 20th century. The most notable of these were South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong S.A.R. Like Japan during the 19th century, they established tariffs and other barriers to protect local products from foreign competition and invested local wealth in industrial development. (3) Also like Japan, they focused on selling the products they manufactured to foreign consumers in order to bring wealth into the country. By the end of the 20th century some experts considered these economies to be developed, rather than developing, although many of South Korea’s economic successes were reversed in the financial crisis of 1997. (4) Following a similar path, China advanced economically through a rapid expansion of manufactured exports during the late 20th century.Meanwhile, multinationals based in the economically developed world set up low-wage manufacturing facilities in some developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia and in Central and South America. These factories typically generated few long-term benefits for the local economy. The profits flowed outside the country to the shareholders of the foreign multinationals. Also, the developing countries were forced to participate in a “race to the bottom” to attract multinational investment. (5) If a developing country or its people sought higher wages or enforced labor or environmental protections, multinationals often simply relocated production to a country with lower cost.【答案】1. 中南美洲、非洲和亚洲的发展中国家曾经仅仅依靠出口原材料和经济作物换取制成品。

2. 因此，产品无法在全球市场上与工业化国家的高质量产品竞争3. 也像日本一样，他们专注于向外国消费者销售他们制造的产品，来为国家带来财富4. 20世纪末，中国通过制造业出口的快速扩张，实现了经济的快速发展5. 如果一个发展中国家或其人民要求更高的工资、实施劳动保护或环境保护，跨国公司通常只需要将生产转移到成本更低的国家19. 翻译题(1) In many of the countries struggling to find enough water for their populations, it is the government that is to blame, not geography according to a report out this week.(2) Several recent UN studies show that lack of water is holding back food production and economic development in more and more regions around the world. According to the UN Environment Program, a third of the planet will face water shortages by 2025.But Caroline Sullivan, head of water policy and management at Britain’s Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) in Wallingford, Oxford shire, says these problems are often of a country’s own making. (3) “It is easy for governments to blame geography when the problem is usually their own failings.” She says. Unless they realize this, they will have no chance of achieving the goal agreed at this year’s World Summit of halving the number of people without access to clean drinking water by 2015, she adds.Sullivan is the chief author of the Water Poverty Index, published this week by the CEH The index, which was put together with Sullivan’s colleagues at the water policy think tank the World Water Council, ranks countries by how efficiently they conserve, use and deliver water to those who need it.(4) It reveals a sharp contrast between countries that manage their water well and those that don’t. Haiti and the Dominican Republic share the same Caribbean island, and have similar populations and access to similar amounts of Water. Yet while the Dominican Republic appears in the top half of the index, Haiti suffers last out of the 147 countries assessed.One reason is poverty, but Haiti has also chopped down its forest, causing 20% much soil erosion that rainfall runs into the sea in flash floods rather than soaking into the soil and supplementing aquifers (地下蓄水层).Not all rich nations fare well in the index. (5) The U.S. and Japan come 32nd and 36th respectively, largely because the way they collect and use water is wasteful and damages the environment. Australia ranked 44th, while Britain is in 11th place. “The real crisis is not the amount of water. It’s the way we use it.” says Sullivan.【答案】1. 本周公布的报告表明，在奋力为人民找到充足水源的许多国家中，应该承担责任的是政府，而不是地理环境。

2. 联合国最近的几项研究表明，在世界上越来越多的地区，缺水正阻碍粮食生产和经济发展3. 如果问题基本上是政府自身的过失，政府很容易怪罪于地理环境4. 它形成了鲜明的对比，有的国家恰如其分地管理了水资源，而有的国家没有5. 美国和日本分别排在第32位和第36位，这主要是因为他们收集和使用水的方式造成浪费且破坏环境20. 单选题When you take a picture, you should ______ carefully to get a sharp picture.问题1选项A.preserveB.fixC.focusD.object【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析A选项preserve“保存；维持”；B选项fix“维修；安排”；C选项focus“（使）调节焦距；聚焦（于）”；D选项object“反对”句意：当你拍照时，应该仔细______，才能拍出清晰的照片根据语境，这里指的是在拍照时要调整焦距，C选项focus“（使）调节焦距”符合题意因此C选项正确。