2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷41（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 案例题Computer SecurityIt is believed that the problem of computer security has changed over a period of time as business, through an increased use of information technology (IT), have become more and more dependent on information and the associated information systems (IS). However, at the same time, there has been limited change in the implanted security or safeguards to these information systems. In fact many executives or managers fail to even identify the relevant requirement for security or policies.A: The Internet has been roughly doubling in size every year, and the associated security incidents have been running to parity. Even if the percentage of malicious users is small, the increase in size of the Internet and in the number of incidents of ailed security is significant. The importance of the growth in the Internet can be highlighted by the fact that in July 1991 33% of Internet users were from the commercial sectors, whereas in July 1996 this figure had risen to 50%.B: In 1988, the “worm” was introduced on the Internet to invade, attack and replicate itself on the network. The response was to shut down E-mail and connectivity. However, the “fixes” were to be distributed via E-mail and so the solution was self-defeating. As a result of this worm virus CERT (Computer emergency Response Team) was formed, with the Australian version staring in 1992.C: One of the problems with Internet security is the fact that the incidents are increasing in sophistication. One of the reasons for this has been the increasing availability of toolkits. Although these toolkits are designed to assist computer systems designers to protect and develop their sites, they also allow relatively ignorant intruders to carry out increasingly complex incidents with the utilization of many routers and disguises to reach their “target”. According to a US Development of Defence report, less than 1% of incidents are identified but 65% of these are successful. Another thing to bear in mind with intruders and hackers is that they do not respect geographical or administrative boundaries. Or time zones. They may be geographically disclosed from the point of attack and therefore operation in “off-duty” hours.D: The thing to remember with security is that the system administrations must get it right all the time; the intruder must get it right just once. Evidence of this is easy to find. In 1997, a teenager hacked into a Bell Atlantic network. His backing crashed the computer and resulted in 600 homes, a regional airport and emergency services being without telephone communications for six hours. And what was the punishment for this offence? Two years’ probation community service and a fine of $US 5,000.E: Governments are getting tough on cybercrimes, especially in the wake of September 11th. These crimes are being linked to national security, which in the US is now of major concern to government officials and the general public alike. And the government has been swift to act. In late 2001, the US Patriot Act was introduced. This Act increased the maximum sentence for breaking into a computer from five to ten years. Then in July 2002, the House of representatives approved the Cyber Security Enhancement Act. Now if a cybercrime results in the death of an individual, the offender could face a life sentence. There has been additional fall-out from the September 11th attacks with the FBI and other government security agencies dramatically escalating their monitoring of the Internet. This has pushed some hackers further underground, fearful that what they had previously been doing out of boredom or challenge could now be viewed as an act of terrorism.F: On the other hand, the events of September 11th have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive knowledge and experience to join forces with security forces to aid the fight against terrorism.G: However, even with the increased the threats of punishment, computer viruses and incidents of hacking continue to be widespread. Long-time security measures which have been utilized by companies and individuals are not fail-sale. One of the more IS security measures is the use of firewalls, which “filter” the data entering/leaving the corporate IS. It is true that these firewalls have a number of advantages, nevertheless, they should not be seen as a panacea to all IS security woes, merely an enhancement.They can provide a false sense of security and have limited protection from internal attacks. In short, the corporate world needs to realize that computer security will be an on-going problem and expense.Questions 1-3Complete the table below with information found in the text.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.【答案】1.50%2.19923.knowledge【解析】1.事实细节题。

根据文章第二段，“The importance of the growth in the Internet can be highlighted by the fact that in July 1991 33% of Internet users were from the commercial sectors, whereas in July 1996 this figure had risen to 50%.”，可知1991年7月有33%互联网用户来自商业领域，而1996年7月这一数字已上升到50%，这一事实突出了互联网增长的重要性可判断出1996年商业领域使用电脑的占比增加到了50%2.事实细节题根据文章第三段，“As a result of this worm virus CERT (Computer emergency Response Team) was formed, with the Australian version staring in 1992.”，可知由于“蠕虫病毒”，1992年成立了CERT(计算机应急响应团队)可判断出CERT成立的时间为19923.事实细节题。

根据文章倒数第三段，“the events of September 11th have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive knowledge and experience to join forces with security forces to aid the fight against terrorism.”，可知一些前黑客利用他们广泛的知识和经验与安全部队合作，帮助打击恐怖主义2. 案例题NumerationOne of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? Rather than how many? When they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean. Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 28 - 35 on your Answer Sheet.T (true) if the statement agrees with the informationF (false) if the statement contradicts the informationNG (not given) if there is no information on this in the passage1. For the earliest tribes the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.2. Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.3. Some peoples with simple number systems use body language to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.4. All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.5. The word “thousand” has Anglo-Saxon origins.6. In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.7. In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and canoes is expressed with the same word.8. The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems of counting.【答案】1.T2.F3.T4.F5.NG6.T7.F8.T【解析】1.根据文章第二段，“Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? Rather than how many?”，可知我们的祖先很少使用实际的数字；相反，他们考虑的更多的是足够了吗?而不是有多少。

可判断出在早期社会，充分性的概念比数量的概念更为重要所以表述正确2.根据文章第三段，“The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many;”，可知塔斯马尼亚的土著居民只用一、二和许多来计数，可判断出表述“塔斯马尼亚土著人只使用四个词来表示物体的数”是错误的3.根据文章第三段，“But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion.”，可知但在实际情况中，数字和单词往往伴随着手势，以帮助解决困惑可判断出“一些拥有简单数字概念的人使用肢体语言来避免对数字表达的误解”“”表述正确4.根据文章第四段，“The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising.”，可知有些文化缺乏处理大量数字的能力可判断出表述错误5.根据文章第四段，“the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten.”，可知teon这个词在盎格鲁撒克逊语中已经和tachund或hund互换了，所以100被表示为hund teontig，或者十乘以十。

文中并没有提到千的表达，所以相关表述文章并没给出6.根据文章第四段，“The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today.”，可知七世纪欧洲的普通人对数字并不像我们今天这样熟悉可判断出总的来说，七世纪的欧洲人的计算能力很差表述正确7.根据文章第六段，“The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures,…”，可知Tsimshian语言的记数系统包含7组不同的单词，根据被计数物品的类别来表示数字：用于计数扁平物体和动物、圆形物体和时间、人、长物体和树木、独木舟和度量等，可判断出对于长物和独木舟并不是用同一个数字表示的，表述错误。

8.根据文章第六段，“It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system.”，可知最后一组似乎是后来的发展，而前六组则体现了一个更古老系统的痕迹可判断出Tsimshian语言包含了旧的和新的计数系统表述正确3. 填空题In the earthquake and tsunami, Japan faces its most serious crisis in a generation. The terrible human toll is still being（1）, even as relief efforts accelerate, the estimate of live lost have（2）from a few hundred in the hours after the flooding to projections surpassing 10, 000. And（3）the humanitarian scale of the disaster is coming into（4）, the ultimate scope of the crises at the Fukushima Daiichi, Fukushima Daini and Onagawa nuclear power plant remains（5）, as does the extent of damage to critical infrastructure（6）the country’s North Pacific coast.In the midst of the disaster, economists and policy makers are（7）with the delicate task of assessing the implications of current events for Japan’s already-tenuous economic（8）. The analysis is far-reaching in its relevance, not least because of Japan’s position（9）the world’s third-largest economy, the challenges it already faces in moving toward fiscal sustainability and its role in supporting global financial markets, （10）currency markets and the market for U.S. treasuries.In（11）of the earthquake, the economic（12）for Japan was already fairy dim. The economy was projected to grow（13）just 1.7 percent in 2011, according to consensus estimates, roughly half the（14）of the United States. Significant new fiscal（15）to support the economy was largely ruled out given the country’s already substantial budget deficit. At nearly 200 percent, the country’s gross debt-to-GDP ratio is second only to Zimbabwe’s, though its net debt is roughly half that level and serving costs remain low.【答案】1.assessed2.climbed3.while4.focus5.unclear6.along7.faced8.recovery9.as10.including11.advance12.outlook13.at14.pace15.stimulus【解析】1.语法题。

根据空格前being可判断本句为被动语态，应填入动词的过去分词形式，又因为上文提到human toll “人员伤亡人数”，可知这里应该是表达对人员伤亡人数的评估句意：可怕的死亡人数仍在评估中所以assessed符合题意2.语法题根据空格前的助动词have可知，空格中填入动词的过去分词形式，构成现在完成时态又因为下文提到伤亡人数从洪水发生后几小时预测的几百人到一万多人，可判断出数量在增加句意：据估计，在洪水过后的几个小时内，死亡人数已经从几百人上升到超过10000人所以climbed符合题意3.逻辑关系题根据下文的remains “仍然”，可知上下文存在让步关系，连词while “尽管”，可表达让步关系句意：尽管这场灾难的救援力度渐渐加大所以while符合题意4.固定搭配根据固定搭配come into focus “明白易懂，轮廓清晰”，句意：尽管这场灾难的救援力度渐渐加大所以focus符合题意5.上下文语义根据前后两句的让步关系，可知尽管加大救援力度，但是核电站危及的最终范围还是不清晰Unclear和上文的focus形成对比，所以unclear符合题意6.固定搭配根据空格后的the country’s North Pacific coast “这个国家的北太平洋海岸”，可知填入介词along“沿着”，可构成搭配关系along the coast “沿岸”。

句意：该国北太平洋沿岸关键基础设施的破坏程度也是如此所以along符合题意7.固定搭配根据固定搭配 be faced with “面对，面临”，可知空格中填入faced构成搭配关系句意：在这场灾难中，经济学家和政策制定者面临着一项微妙的任务所以faced符合题意8.上下文语义根据空格前的economic，可知空格中填入的单词与经济相关，economic recovery “经济复苏”，economic outlook“经济前景”又根据文章第三段 “The economy was projected to grow…”，可知经济预计会增长，经济出现了复苏句意：在这场灾难中，经济学家和政策制定者面临着一项微妙的任务，即评估当前事件对日本已脆弱的经济复苏的影响所以recovery符合题意9.上下文语义根据空格后的the world’s third-largest economy “世界三大经济体”，可判断出空格填入介词as “作为”句意：这一分析意义深远，不仅是因为日本为全球第三大经济体所以as符合题意10.上下文语义根据空格前的global financial markets “全球金融市场”，和空格后的currency markets and the market for U.S. treasuries “货币市场和美国国债市场”，可知空格前后为包含关系，前者包含后两者。

所以including符合题意11.固定搭配根据固定搭配In advance of “在……前面，超越”，又因为下文用的一般过去时态，可知提到的是地震之前的情况，空格中应填入advance构成搭配关系句意：在地震发生前所以advance符合题意12.上下文语义根据下文Japan was already fairy dim，日本地震前的经济前景十分昏暗，可知空格中填入economic outlook “经济前景”所以outlook符合题意13.固定搭配根据固定搭配increase/grow/decrease…at “增长、下降达……”，可知grow与介词at构成搭配关系句意：2011年经济预计仅增长1.7%所以at符合题意14.上下文语义根据上文The economy was projected to grow at just 1.7 percent in 2011，可知日本经济预计在2011年增长1.7%，与下文的美国经济增长速度进行对比所以可填入pace “速度”句意：根据一致估计，速度大约是美国的一半15.上下文语义根据下文given the country’s already substantial budget deficit，鉴于国家已经存在巨大的预算赤字，可判断出新的财政政策刺激已被排除。

所以stimulus符合题意4. 案例题Complete these sentences below.USE NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Solving the Morris worm was difficult because the repair method was sent（ ）and therefore useless.2. The teenager who hacked into Bell Atlantic would get a maximum prison sentence of（ ）if he committed the same crime now.3. Some hackers are scared that government authorities could now consider them to be（ ）.4. One disadvantage of（ ）is that they can make a company feel protected from attack even though the system is not perfect.【答案】1.via E-mail2.two years3.terrorists4.fire wall【解析】1.根据文章第三段，“However, the ‘fixes’ were to be distributed via E-mail and so the solution was self-defeating.”，可知修复程序将通过电子邮件分发，因此解决方案是弄巧成拙的。

2.根据文章第五段，“In 1997, a teenager hacked into a Bell Atlantic network…And what was the punishment for this offence? Two years’ probation community service and a fine of $US 5,000.”，可知入侵贝尔大西洋的少年如果现在再犯同样的罪行，他将面临2年的监禁3.根据文章第六段，“This has pushed some hackers further underground, fearful that what they had previously been doing out of boredom or challenge could now be viewed as an act of terrorism.”，可知这将一些黑客推向了更深的深渊，他们担心以前无论是出于无聊或挑战而做的事情，现在可能被视为恐怖主义行为可判断出他们担心政府把他们视为恐怖分子4.根据文章倒数第二段，“It is true that these firewalls have a number of advantages, nevertheless, they should not be seen as a panacea to all IS security woes, merely an enhancement.”，可知这些防火墙有许多优点，但它们不应被视为解决所有安全问题的万能药，而仅仅是一种增强。

可判断出防火墙的缺陷之一是：尽管系统不完善，公司也会感觉到被保护而免遭侵害5. 写作题Some people believe that a range of technology available has increased the gap between rich people and poor people, but others believe it has opposite effects. Discuss both views and give your opinion.【答案】略6. 翻译题感恩是一项重要的处事哲学，是生活的大智慧人生在世，不可能事事顺通对于各种失败和不幸，我们要豁达大度，勇敢面对，并想办法解决面对困难，我们是懊恼抱怨，沮丧气馁，陷入绝望，还是对生活满怀感恩之心，跌倒后再爬起来呢？如果对生活感恩，你的生命将充满灿烂的阳光；如果一味怨恨，终将一无所获答案】It is an important philosophy of life and a great wisdom to be grateful. No one can always be lucky and successful in his life. Faced with all kinds of failure and misfortune, we should be generous and brave, and try to solve these problems. When we are trapped in difficulty, should we complain about it and become frustrated or should we be grateful for our life and start again after falling down? If you are grateful for life, your life will be full of bright sunshine. On the contrary, if you always complain about life, you’ll gain nothing finally.7. 单选题In recent years, we have all watched the increasing commercialization of the campus. The numerous advertising posters and the golden arches of fast food outlets may be an insult to our aesthetic sensibilities, but they are, arguably, no worse than ugly. Some of the other new features of commercialized campus life do, however: constitute a serious threat to things we rightly respect. “Privatization” and the “business model” are the potential menace.What do these notions mean? 。