薄壁式挡土墙计算与设计[1]

of 16 session brought to adhere to people-oriented, all-round, coordinated and sustainable scientific development view, promoting economic and social and human development. The core of the scientific Outlook on development is people-oriented. Implement the scientific concept of development and first implementation of people-oriented requirements. Office of the Party Committee of this year's work, we have to firmly establish the idea of people-oriented philosophy, richness of understanding the people-oriented, seriously implement people-oriented requirements correctly grasping the practice of people-oriented, through people-oriented "three services" working process, pushing the city Party Committee Office work to a new level. Investee (b) investee by people-oriented, in the final analysis is centred, human premise, a human-powered, human purpose. People-oriented thinking long. As early as the spring and Autumn period of more than 2000 years ago, Qi Guan Zhong: "overlord of the beginning, and people-oriented. Principle of the solid. "For thousands of years, traditional Chinese political culture there is a wide variety of people-oriented thought. Pan Geng's "people" to the Duke of Zhou's "protect" and then to Confucius ' "man", from his "your KingLight "to the idea of" Grand boat water "and then to advocate since the Han and Tang dynasties" nation ", these useful idea is, is the country of the people, political sources. The rulers of "people", the "San Zhi bei yan"; the rulers of "thin people", then "died suddenly". The West ever since the Renaissance, it is because of the rise of humanism, really started to self awareness, self discovery and self-reflection. Predecessors in criticism of Marx and Engels thought on the basis of the outcome of, according to the great discovery of historical materialism, reveals the true nature of human existence, the ideology was essential and strongly suggests, as provided. In 1894, the Engels from Marx's writings, singled out his favorite passage for the new century weekly solemn inscriptions: "there, the free development of each is the free development of all people". In modern society, people-oriented thinking more and more attention. People generally regard it as a kind of economic and social development, a principle, a requirement, as a need to maintain the interest of the people of, a pursuit, a purpose. This idea was praised, with the profound connotation and practical significance. Investee 1. people answering epistemological questions and answered the questions of methodology. People contains a profound philosophical, epistemological and methodological significance of science. Known as epistemology, refers to the theories on the relationship between knowledge and practice. In the view of Marx and Engels, "man is man's world, is the State, society, and history writers and characters. "In other words, the world is one world, society is human society. We know the society, starting from the people to observe; we know the practice, from the people to study; we knew Office work, from the people who set out to explore. Ignoring this, will she seek薄壁式挡土墙第一节 概 述薄壁式挡土墙是钢筋混凝土结构，属轻型挡土墙，包括悬臂式和扶壁式两种形式。

悬臂式挡土墙的一般形式如图4-]所示，它是由立壁(墙面板)和墙底板(包括墙趾板和墙踵板)组成，呈倒“T”字形，具有三个悬臂，即立壁、墙趾板和墙踵板扶壁式挡土墙由墙面板(立壁)、墙趾板、墙踵板及扶肋(扶壁)组成，如图4-2所示当墙身较高时，在悬臂式挡土墙的基础上，沿墙长方向，每隔一定距离加设扶肋扶肋把立壁同墙踵板连接起来，扶肋起加劲的作用，以改善立壁和墙踵板的受力条件，提高结构的刚度和整体性，减小立壁的变形扶壁式挡土墙宜整体灌注，也可采用拼装，但拼装式扶壁挡土墙不宜在地质不良地段和地震烈度大于等于8度的地区使用悬臂式和扶壁式挡土墙的结构稳定性是依靠墙身自重和踵板上方填土的重力来保证，而且墙趾板也显著地增大了抗倾覆稳定性，并大大减小了基底应力它们的主要特点是构造简单、施工方便，墙身断面较小，自身质量轻，可以较好地发挥材料的强度性能，能适应承载力较低的地基但是需耗用一定数量的钢材和水泥，特别是墙高较大时，钢材用量急剧增加，影响其经济性能一般情况下，墙高6m以内采用悬臂式，6m以上则采用扶壁式它们适用于缺乏石料及地震地区由于墙踵板的施工条件，一般用于填方路段作路肩墙或路堤墙使用悬臂式和扶壁式挡土墙在国外已广泛使用，近年来，在国内也开始大量应用。

第二节 土压力计算一、库伦土压力法悬臂式和扶壁式挡土墙土压力一般可采用库伦土压力理论计算，特别是填土表面为折线或有局部荷载作用时由于假想墙背北的倾角较大，当墙身向外移动，土体达到主动极限平衡状态时，往往会产生第二破裂面0C，如图4-3所示若不出现第二破裂面则按一般库伦理论计算作用于假想墙背Ac上的土压力Ea．，此时墙背摩擦角δ=φ若出现第二破裂面则应按第二破裂面法来计算土压力Ea，立壁计算时，应以立壁的实际墙背为计算墙背进行土压力计算，并假定立壁与填土间的摩擦角δ=0当验算地基承载力、稳定性、墙底板截面内力时，以假想墙背AC(或第二破裂面DC)为计算墙背来计算土压力，将计算墙背与实际墙背间的土体重力作为计算墙体的一部分有关土压力计算详见第二章立壁与墙踵竖直面AD间的填土重力W作用于墙踵板上为简化计算，车辆荷载可以按整个路基范围分布来考虑第三节 悬臂式挡土墙悬臂式挡土墙设计，包括墙身构造设计、墙身截面尺寸的拟定、结构稳定性和基底应力验算以及墙身配筋计算、裂缝开展宽度验算等 一、墙身构造设计1．悬臂式挡土墙分段长度不应大于15m，段间设置沉降缝和伸缩缝2．立壁如图4-1所示，为便于施工，立壁内侧(即墙背)宜做成竖直面，外侧(即墙面)坡度宜陡于1：0．1，一般为1：0．02-1：0．05，具体坡度值应根据立壁的强度和刚度要求确定，当挡土墙高度不大时，立壁可做成等厚度。

墙顶宽度不得小于0．2m；当墙较高时，宜在立壁下部将截面加宽3．墙底板如图4-1所示，墙底板一般水平设置，底面水平墙和混凝土收缩的能力，防止混凝土表层出现裂缝2．墙底板钢筋设计墙踵板受力钢筋N2，设置在墙踵板的顶面，该钢筋一端伸人立壁与墙底板连接处并伸过不小于一个锚固长度；另一端按弯矩图切断，在理论切断点向外延长一个锚固长度墙趾板受力钢筋N1，设置于墙趾板的底面，该筋一端仲人立壁与墙趾板连接处并伸过不小于一个锚固长度；另一端一半延伸到墙趾，另一半在B/2处再加一个锚固长度处切断为便于施工，墙底板的受力钢筋间距最好取与立壁的间距相同或整数倍在实际设计中，常将立壁的底部受力钢筋一半或全部弯曲作为墙趾板的受力钢筋立璧与墙踵板连接处最好做成贴角予以加强，并配以构造钢筋，其直径与间距可与墙踵板钢筋一致，墙底板也应配置构造钢筋钢筋直径及间距均应符合规范的规定另外，还应根据截面剪力布置箍筋第四节 扶壁式挡土墙扶壁式挡土墙设计与悬臂式挡土墙设计相近，但有其自己的特点扶壁式挡土墙设计内容主要包括墙身构造设计、墙身截面尺寸的拟定、墙身稳定性和基底应力及合力偏心距验算、墙身配筋设计和裂缝开展宽度验算等墙底板各部分尺寸、立壁和墙底板厚度的计算，墙身稳定性和基底应力及合力偏心距验算等均与悬臂式挡土墙相同。

一、墙身构造设计扶壁式挡土墙墙高不宜超过15m，一般在9~l0m左右，分段长度不应大于20m扶肋间距应根据经济性要求确定，一般为1/4~1/2墙高每段中宜设置三个或三个以上的扶肋，扶肋厚度一般为扶肋间距的1/10~1/4，但不应小于0.3m采用随高度逐渐向后加厚的变截面，也可采用等厚式以利于施工墙面板宽度和墙底板厚度与扶肋间距成正比，墙面板顶宽不得小于O.2m，可采用等厚的垂直面板墙踵板宽一般为墙高的1/4~1/2，且不小于0.5m墙趾板宽宜为墙高的1/20~1/5，墙底板板端厚度不小于0.3m扶壁式挡土墙有关构造要求如图4-9所示，其余要求同悬臂式挡土墙置于通过墙趾与水平面成(450~φ/2)角线和通过墙踵与水平面成甲角线的范围内凸榫高则应根据凸榫前土体的被动土压力能够满足抗滑稳定性要求而定1．计算模型和计算荷载墙面板计算通常取扶肋中至扶肋中或跨中至跨中的一段为计算单元，视为固支于扶肋及墙踵板上的三向固支板，屑超静定结构，一般作简化近似计算计算时将其沿墙高或墙长划分为若干单墙面板承受的最大水平正弯矩及最大水平负弯矩在竖直方向上分别发生在扶肋跨中的H1/2处和扶肋固支处的第三个H1/4处，如图4-12所示。

设计采用的弯矩值和实际弯矩值相比是偏安全的，如图4-11c)所示例如，对于固端粱而言，当它承受均布荷载σpi时，其跨中弯矩应为σnil2/24但是，考虑到墙面板虽然按连续板计算，然而它们的固支程度并不充分，为安全计，故设计值按式(4—32)确定3．竖直弯矩1．墙面板 (1)水平受拉钢筋墙面板的水平受拉钢筋分为内、外侧钢筋两种内侧水平受拉钢筋N2布置在墙面板靠填土一侧，承受水平负弯矩，以扶肋处支点弯矩设计，全墙可分为3~4段外侧水平受拉钢筋N3布置在中间跨墙面板临空一侧，承受水平正弯矩，该钢筋沿墙长方向通长布置为方便施工，可在扶肋中心切断沿墙高可分为几个区段进行配筋，但区段不宜分得过多 (2)竖向受力钢筋墙面板的竖向受力钢筋也分内、外两侧内侧竖向受力钢筋N4布置在靠填土一侧，承受墙面板的竖直负弯矩该筋向下伸人墙踵板不少于一个钢筋锚固长度；向上在距墙踵板顶高H1/4加上一个钢筋锚固长度处切断每跨中部2l/3范围内按跨中的最大竖直负弯矩MD配筋，靠近扶肋两侧各l/6部分按MD/2配筋，如图4-13所示外侧竖向受力钢筋从布置在墙面板临空一侧，承受墙面板的竖直正弯矩该钢筋通长布置，兼作墙面板的分布钢筋之用。

⑶墙面板与扶肋间的U形拉筋连接墙面板与扶肋的U形拉筋N6，其开口向扶肋的背侧该钢筋每一肢承受高度为拉筋间距水平板条的支点剪力口，在扶肋水平方向通长布置2、墙踵板墙踵板顶面横向水平钢筋N7，是为了墙面板承受竖直负弯矩的钢筋N4得以发挥作用而设置的该筋位于墙踵板顶面，垂直于墙面板方向其布置与钢筋N4相同，该筋一端插入墙面板一个钢筋锚固长度；另一端伸至墙踵端，作为墙踵板纵向钢筋N8的定位钢筋如钢筋N7的间距很小，可以将其中一半在距墙踵端B3/2减一个钢筋锚固长度处切断墙踵板顶面和底面纵向水平受拉筋N8、N9(图中末示)，承受墙踵板在扶肋两端的负弯矩和跨中正弯矩该钢筋切断情况与N2、N3相同连接墙踵板与扶肋之间的U形钢筋Nlo(图中未示)，其开口向上可在距墙踵板顶面一个钢筋锚固长度处切断，也可延至扶肋的顶面，作为扶肋两侧的分布钢筋在垂直于墙面板方向的钢筋分布与墙踵板顶面纵向水平钢筋N8相同3．墙趾板同悬臂式挡土墙墙趾板的配筋设计4．扶肋扶肋背侧的受拉钢筋N11(图中未示)，应根据扶肋的弯矩图，选择2~3个截面，分别计算所需的拉筋根数为节省混凝土，钢筋N11可多层排列，但不得多于3层其间距应满足规范要求，必要时可采用束筋。

各层钢筋上端应按不需此钢筋的截面再延长一个钢筋锚固长度，必要时，可将钢筋沿横向弯人墙踵板的底面除受力钢筋外，还需根据截面剪力配置箍筋，并按构造要求布置构造钢筋engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for theend to form a proper understanding. Methodology refers to methods of knowing the world, transforming the world's theory. Historical materialism tells us that social development, leave is impossible; all social progress, leaving people unable to achieve. We do anything, must first of all take into account the human factor, to find ways to give full play to the initiative and human creativity, mobilizing people's enthusiasm. This is the result of numerous historical practice of most of the scientific method. Emperor Taizong"The world of excellence into my opponent" and "Zhenguan rule", Qing Zeng Guofan to "more aides for the first prerequisite" Zhong XING Ming Chen, are insisting on methodology of successful models. Promoting the reform and development, construction of well-off, more demands that we as a people-oriented scientific method. We do work in the countryside, it is necessary to put farmers first we engage in State-owned enterprise reform, we must regard expanding employment as an important goal we created urban, optimization-Habitat environment must be pursued. Promotion Office, too, only man's subject status, to achieve rapid development. Investee 2. people who responded to the question, and replied to questions depending on who. Who issues, is concerned with the problem of the ruling party; depending on who issues are questions relating to the source of power of the ruling party. Look at the trend of the world, throughout the ages, no party's fate was not to be dominated by people, no Albert is not driven by the people of a nation. Our party has always attached importance to people, caring for people, his people as the coldest winter, parents of people as their own, but there were also some in adhere to people-oriented bias, war "sufan expansion" peacetime "cultural revolution", has caused a great loss to the revolution and construction. Through history, our party proved that when people, caring for people, and along the way there is a powerful force; when to ignore people's thinking, to ignore the interests and needs of the people, the party's cause will suffer setbacks. People-oriented, power for the people, this is the most fundamental rules governing laws, large and small, every aspect is also ruling is the most essential requirements. Set up the people-oriented concept of governance, requires us to establish the main position, everything for the masses, rely on the masses, and consciously do right for the people, show concern for the benefit of people and bring benefit to the people, real people as masters of the country, construction of the main body and the cause of main. From this perspective, adhere to the people-oriented and that is power for the people is to uphold the mass viewpoint and the mass line of the party. Office work is serving the overall work of the party. Only around the service objects, service, relying on the service principal to the service in order to Shun Water push the boat, a long-term perspective, creating impressive performance. Investee 3. people responded to a question of values, again answering Outlook on questions. Values and Outlook are an organic unity, and Outlook。