针灸课件：针灸经络腧穴总论(双语班)

针灸学概述针灸学概述A Brief Introduction of Acupuncture moxibustion Acupuncture-filiform needle(or other acupuncture tools)-needling(puncturing)the acupoints.Moxibustion-moxa-ignite it to warm and dredge the meridians and collaterals(acupoints).针-毫针或其他针具-刺激穴位经络 灸-艾绒或其他材料-温热刺激穴位经络艾（草）叶艾（草）叶艾草的功效与作用 艾草主要分部于亚洲东部，如朝鲜半岛、日本、蒙古我国的东北、华北、华东、华南、西南以及陕西及甘肃等均有分布其适应性强，普遍生长于路旁荒野、草地艾草苦燥辛散，能理气血、温经脉、逐寒湿、止冷痛，为妇科要药用治脘腹冷痛，经寒不调，宫冷不孕等证，如艾附暖宫丸炒炭止血，可用治虚寒性月经过多，崩漏带下，妊娠胎漏，如胶艾汤本品捣绒，制成艾条、艾柱，外灸能散寒止痛，温煦气血煎汤外洗可治湿疮疥癣，祛湿止痒What Is Acupuncture and Moxibustion About?Acupuncture-moxibustion：is a important clinical branch of TCM,guided by the theory of TCM,applies needling and moxibustion to acupoints to regulate the functions of the zand-fu organs,meridians and collaterals,and qi and blood to prevent and treat disease.Its contents include meridians and collaterals,acupoints,techniques,and clinical therapeutics.针灸学概念针灸学针灸学 以中医理论为基础，通过针以中医理论为基础，通过针刺和艾灸作用于人体体表一定的部位。

刺和艾灸作用于人体体表一定的部位以调整脏腑、气血、从而达到防治疾以调整脏腑、气血、从而达到防治疾病目的的一门学科病目的的一门学科针灸针灸”临床上针刺和艾灸常合用，故临床上针刺和艾灸常合用，故称之针灸学内容针灸学内容1.经络学经络学Meridian-Collaterals2.腧穴学腧穴学Acupoins3.刺灸学刺灸学Manipulation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion4.针灸治疗学针灸治疗学Treatment of Acupuncture and MoxibustionThe History of Acupuncture and Moxibustion:1.needling tools:sharp stones-metal needles(just as copper,iron,gold and silver needles),the filiform needle we use now is made from stainless steel.仿古九针 九针九针指古代医生应用的九种不同形状和用法的针其名称是：鑱（音蝉）针；圆针；鍉（音低）针；锋针；铍（音披）针；圆利针；毫针；长针；大针。

见灵枢九针十二原篇九针九针主要是用来针刺治病；也有的可以做外科和按摩方面的用途2.the academic history of acupuncture and moxibustion:2.1.168 B.C:The Classic of the eleven Meridians on the Foot and Arm and Moxibustion,and The Classic of the Eleven Yinyang Meridians and Moxibustion,discovered in No.3 Han Tomb at Mawangdui,in Changsha of Hunan province.2.2 403220 B.C:Around Qinhan period(221 B.C 220A.C):Connon of difficult problems.(难经)Huangdi Internal Classic(included two section:Miraculous Pivot and Plain Questions).Connon of difficult problems.(内经)2.3 265-420 A.C(Jin dynasty).The Systematic Classic of Acupuncture.(针灸甲乙经)2.4 960-1127 A.C(the Northern Song Dynasty)The Illustrated Manual on Points for Acupuncture and moxibustion on a New Bronze Figure.铜仁腧穴针灸图经 2.6 12061368(Yuan dynasty)Exposition of the Fourteen Meridiens.十四经发挥 2.7 13681644(Ming dynasty)The Compendium of Acupuncture and moxibustion.针灸大成 2.8 After the outbreak of Opium War in 1840:2.9 Since 1949:large quantities of clinical reports indicate that acupuncture and moxibustion has a variety of effects in treating 300 kinds of diseases of internal medicine,surgery,gynecology and pediatric.Among them,about 100 kinds of diseases have good or excellent therapeutic effect.Since the 1960s on the basis of acupuncture analgesia,the Chinese medical circles successfully applied acupuncture anesthesia（针刺麻醉）to perform various surgical operations.recent years,the mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating disease have been intensely studied.It has demonstrated that acupuncture and moxibustion have a regulating effect on the function of various physiological systems of the human body,and increase the ability of defending against disease.Study on acupuncture analgesia has increased our knowledge of neuroscience,especially electrophysiology,neurotransmitters such as enkephalins and biochemistry.3.Acupuncture and moxibustion in other countries1.In the 17th century,acupuncture and moxibustion were introduced to Eueopean countries by a Dutch doctor.In the 6th century acupuncture and moxibustion were introduced to other eastern and western countries.Acupuncture and moxibustion were integrated into Korea in A.D.541,and introduced to Japan in A.D.562.2.Modern times:针灸热、中医热 一百四十多个国家和地区应用中医药防病治病，一百二十多个国家和地区建立了传统医药机构。

一些欧美等发达国家中医医师执业已逐步取得合法地位，并纳入医疗保险体系在英国有3000多家中医诊所加拿大的温哥华已经发了750个针灸牌照，另有550个申请正在受理之中中医药针灸按摩已为世界上大多数国家的主流医学界接受和认同we study？经络学说(the theory of meridians and collaterals)经络学说 研究人体经络系统的循行分布、生理功能、病理变化、脏腑相互之间联系的一种理论学说经 络Meridian System 是人体气血运行的通路,它内联脏腑、外络肢节,沟通内外,贯通上下,将人体脏腑组织器官连成一个有机整体藉以行气血，营阴阳，使人体各部的功能得以保持协调和相对平衡灵枢经脉：“经脉者，所以能决死生，处百病，调虚实，不可不通”The Meridians is a comprehensive term of Jingluo in Traditional Chinese Medicine.They are the passages through which the Qi can be conducted.The meridians mainly refer to the paths of main trunks which run up and down,interiorly and exteriorly within the body.The branches of meridians are called collaterals which imply the networks,thinner and smaller than meridians,run crisscrossly over the body.经络的组成、分布(the composition and ditribution of meridian system)“路径”，贯通上下，沟通内外，经络系统主干，分布于人体体表深部，纵行走向。

络脉：络脉：“网络”，经脉别出的分支，纵横交错，遍布全身，分布于体表浅部经脉：经脉：经络经络经络的组成十二经脉手三阴，手三阳，足三阴，足三 阳，十二 经别、经筋、皮 部12 divergent meridians,12 muscle regions,12 cutaneous regions)奇经八脉任、督、冲、带脉，阴维、阳 维脉，阴跷、阳 跷脉络脉十五络，孙络，浮络15 collaterals,minute collaterals,superficial collateras)经络十四经脉 十二经脉（见表）任、督脉十四经十四经十二经脉的规律 十二经脉的名称、分布、体表循行规律 十二经脉走向、交接规律 十二经脉表里洛属关系 十二经脉流注次序十二经脉名称、分布、体表循行规律表 阴经 阳经四肢四肢循行部位 属脏 属腑阳（外）阴（内）手手太阴肺经阳明大肠经上肢上肢前线厥阴心包经少阳三焦经中线少阴心经太阳小肠经后线 足足太阴脾经阳明胃经下肢下肢前线*厥阴肝经少阳胆经中线*少阴肾经太阳膀胱经后线*在小腿下半部和足背部，脾经在小腿下半部和足背部，脾经走在中线，肝经走在前线，直至内走在中线，肝经走在前线，直至内踝上八寸处交叉后，两者走回原位。

踝上八寸处交叉后，两者走回原位v十二经脉的分布（依椐手足、脏腑、阴阳而定）十二经脉的分布（依椐手足、脏腑、阴阳而定）手太阴肺经手太阴肺经手厥阴心包经手厥阴心包经手少阴心经手少阴心经 手阳明大肠经手阳明大肠经手少阳三焦经手少阳三焦经手太阳小肠经手太阳小肠经足阳明胃经足阳明胃经足少阳胆经足少阳胆经足太阳膀胱经足太阳膀胱经足厥阴肝经足太阴脾经足少阴肾经走向、交接规律 灵枢，逆顺肥瘦“手之三阴从藏走手，手之三阳从手走头，足之三阳从头走足，足之三阴从足走腹”头头胸胸足足手手腹腹手三阳经手三阴经足三阳经足三阴经表里属络规律肺经大肠经大肠经脾经脾经胃经胃经心经心经小肠经小肠经肾经肾经膀胱经膀胱经肝经肝经胆经胆经心包经心包经三焦经三焦经流注规律肺经肺经大肠经大肠经胃经胃经脾经脾经心经心经小肠经小肠经 膀胱经膀胱经肾经肾经心包经心包经三焦经三焦经胆经胆经肝经肝经 经脉举痛篇经脉举痛篇“经脉流行不止，环周经脉流行不止，环周不休不休”逐经相传，周而复始，如环逐经相传，周而复始，如环无端奇经八脉(8 extraordinary meridians)不直属脏腑，无表里关系，与十二经合称为“十四经”督脉行于腰背正中，上至头顶，反折向下，至鼻尖，入上齿。

阳脉之 海”任脉行于胸腹正中，上抵颌部阴脉之海”督脉的经脉循行任脉的经脉循行任脉的经脉循行经络的生理功能及其应用1、沟通表里上下,联系人体各组织、器官2、通行气血,濡养脏腑组织3、调节机能平衡 经络能运行气血和协调阴阳,以维 持人体内外环境的相对平衡4、感应传导作用 得气现象就是经络感应传导作用的 表现1、阐明病理变化：病邪入里的传变途径，脏腑与体 表组织、病变相互影响的重要渠道2、指导诊断的诊断：如:两胁痛,多是肝胆疾病依循经起止辩病4、指导临床治疗（1）药物的选择作用2）循经取穴功能功能应用应用 一、概念：素问气府论“脉气所发”人体脏腑经络气血输注于体表的位是疾病的反应点，也是临床上针灸施术之处二、别称：孔穴、隙穴、砭灸处、节、会、骨孔、气穴、穴位 Acupoints are the spectific sites through which the qi of the zang-fu organs and meridians is transported to the body surface,and through which acupuncture and moxibustion and other therapies are applied by external stimulation.1、经穴（十四经穴）(14 meridian acupoints)分布于十四经上的acupoints)1、近治作用The Local and Adjacent Therapeutic Property 治疗该穴所在部位及邻近组织、器官的病症的主治作用。

如：眼区的承泣、四白、睛明均可治疗眼疾2、远治作用The remote therapeutic property 治疗本经循行所及的远隔部位的脏腑、组织、器官的病症,甚至影响全身的主治作用如：合谷能治手腕疾病；又能治头颈部疾病；甚至还能治外感发热3、特殊作用The Special Therapeutic Property（1）双向的良性调整作用如：针天枢能止泻,又能通便2）相对的特异性如：大椎退热、丰隆驱痰1、骨度分寸法Proportional Measurement将人体不同部位规定出一定的长度或宽度,并使其折成若干个等份,每一个等份作“一寸”,以此“一寸”来作为量取穴位的方法,称之头部 部位起止点：前发际至后发际为12寸说明：如：前后发际不明,从眉心量至大椎穴作18寸眉心至前发际3寸,大椎穴至后发际3寸胸腹部天突天突耻骨联合耻骨联合脐中脐中耻骨联合上缘耻骨联合上缘腰背部 部位起止点：大椎以下至尾骶为21椎(直寸);两肩胛骨脊柱缘之间为6寸(直寸)说明:一般临床取穴,两肩胛骨下角联线相当于第七胸椎;髂嵴相当于第四腰椎棘突第七胸椎第七胸椎第四腰椎第四腰椎上肢部 部位起止点：腋前纹头(腋前皱襞)至肘横纹为9寸(直寸);肘横纹至腕横纹为12寸(直寸)。

下肢部 部位起止点:横骨上廉至内辅骨上廉(股骨内髁上缘)为18寸;内辅骨下廉(股骨内髁下缘)至内踝高点为13寸;髀枢至膝中(犊鼻)为19寸;膝中(犊鼻)至外踝高点为16寸2、体表标志法（the measurement by superficial landmarks)固定体表标志法依骨胳、肌肉、肢体在体表上的特定突起及凹陷取穴的方法如：挠骨茎突上寻列缺动态体表标志法利用关节、肌肉、肢体随活动而出现的孔隙、凹陷、皱纹等作为取穴标志如：屈肘,横纹尽头取曲池;张口,耳屏前方凹陷取听宫;咬牙,咬肌隆起最高点取颊车3、手指比量法、手指比量法Finger Measurement以患者手指为标准以患者手指为标准,作为测量取穴的尺寸作为测量取穴的尺寸中指同身寸法拇指同身寸法横指同身寸法4.简便取穴法（简便取穴法（Simple Measurement）Simple measurement is a simple method in which various anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body are used as the basis for the location of points.Some of the locations of points are simple.。