畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译(共23页)
畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译部门： xxx 时间： xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑畜牧兽医专业英语十篇课文翻译Lesson 1 skeletonThe skeleton is the basic framework of the animal. It gives it shapeandsize.The skeleton carries and supports the weight of the body . It protects some organs from external damage ,e.g.ribs ribs protect the heart and lungs and skull protects the allow the animal to move. The bones contain reserves of some elements which the animal can mobilize when they are needed by the body(1>b5E2RGbCAP动物骨架的基本框架它给出了它的形状和尺寸骨架进行和支持身体的重量。
它可以保护从外部损伤某些器官，egribs肋骨保护心脏和肺部，骷髅保护动物移动骨骼含有的一些元素储备的动物时，可以调动他们所需要的身体<1）p1EanqFDPwThe skeleton develops in the unborn animal from cartilage which hardens as chemical salts are deposited in it.DXDiTa9E3d骨架在未出生的动物从化学盐沉积在软骨硬化的发展In the aged animal the amount of mineral of in the bone increases. This makes the bones brittle. Bones grow in both length and thickness. The bones of the skeleton do not develop at the same rate in the growing animal (2> . The skull and hind limbs of a new-born lamb form a high percentage of the skeleton but this decreases as the lamb grows. Hind limbs develop faster than fore limbs.RTCrpUDGiT在老年动物矿物在骨的增加的量。
这使得骨骼脆性骨骼的生长在长度和厚度骨头的骨架不以同样的速度在不断增长的动物<2）发展一个新出生的羊羔头骨和后肢形成一个高比例的骨架，但降低的羔羊生长后肢比前肢发展得更快5PCzVD7HxAAnimal breeders by careful selection can changes produce and size of the skeleton and thus the animal(3>. Sometimes the changes produce weakness in the skeleton . Very long pigs can suffer from back troubles.jLBHrnAILgMovement depends on the joints between the bones to move under muscle actiong. Joints fall into there categories.xHAQX74J0X通过仔细选择的动物育种者可以改变产生和大小的骨架，因此，动物<3）有时变化产生的骨架疲软很长的猪可能遭受从背面的麻烦 运动依赖于关节之间的骨头下肌肉actiong移动。
接头分为有类别LDAYtRyKfESliding jointsHinged jointsBall-and-socket joints.Sliding joints. In there joints the two bone ends that form the joints are smooth and slightly curved. They are able to slide over each other allowing movement . The bones are held together by ligaments attached to the outer membrane of the two bones.Zzz6ZB2Ltk滑动关节 铰接接头 球窝关节 滑动关节在那里关节，形成关节的骨端光滑，稍弯曲他们是能滑过对方让运动外膜的两块骨头的韧带附着的骨头是一起举行的dvzfvkwMI1Hinged joints. The bones forming the joint have enlarged surface areas that key into each other (4>. This forms strong joint,but limits movement in the joint to one plane.rqyn14ZNXI铰链关节。
其他<4）扩大了表面积，关键的骨骼形成的联合这就形成了强强联合，但将联合限制在一个平面上EmxvxOtOcoBall-and-socket joints. There very strong joints have large surface areas of contact which spreads the weight put on the joint. Movement is limited (rotary with some sideways movement>.SixE2yXPq5球窝关节有很强的关节表面的接触面积大，其传播的重量放在联合运动是有限的<旋转与一些侧身运动）The joints of the skeleton need oiling to reduce wear. Where the bones meet,they are covered with a pack of cartilage which acts as a shock absorber and provides a wear-resistant surface. Over the cartilage is a membrane which produces a fluid to lubricate the joint.6ewMyirQFL骨骼关节需要上油，以减少磨损。
倘骨头满足，它们覆盖软骨它作为一个减振器，并提供了一个耐磨的表面与一包超过产生的流体润滑关节软骨是一种膜kavU42VRUsMovement in joints is caused by the contraction and expansion of muscles associated with that joint.y6v3ALoS89在关节中的运动是由与该关节相关联的肌肉的收缩和膨胀Lesson 2 muscle Muscle cells,like neurons,con be excited chemically,electrically,and mechanically to produce an action potential that is transmitted along their cell membrane. They contain contraction proteins and,unlike neurons, they have a contractile mechanism that is activated by the action potential.M2ub6vSTnP肌肉细胞，如神经元，浓度被激发化学，电和机械地产生沿其细胞膜上的动作电位被发送。
它们包含收缩蛋白和不同于神经元，它们有一个收缩的机制被激活的动作电位0YujCfmUCwMuscle is generally divided into 3 types, skeletal,cardiac,and smooth,although smooth muscle is not a homogeneous single category.Skeletal muscle comprises the great mass of the somatic musculature. It has well-developed cross-striations,does not normally in the absence of nervous stimulation,lacks anatomic and functional connections between individual muscle fibers,and is generally under voluntary control(1>.Cardiac muscle also has cross-striations,but it is functionally syncytial in character and contracts rhythmically in the absence of external innervation owing to the presence in the myocardium of pacemaker cells that discharge spontaneously. Smooth muscle lacks cross-striations. The type found in most hollow viscera is functionally syncytial in character and contains pacemakers that discharge irregularly. The type found in the eye and in some other locations is not spontaneously active and resembles skeletal muscle. There are contractile proteins similar to those in muscle in many other cells,and it appears that these proteins are responsible for cell motility,mitosis,and the movement of various components within cell.eUts8ZQVRd肌肉一般分为3种类型，骨骼肌，心肌，光滑，虽然不是一个均一的单category.Skeletal肌肉包括躯体肌肉组织带来了大量的平滑肌。
它有发达的交叉条纹，一般不会在紧张刺激的情况下，缺乏单个肌纤维的解剖和功能之间的连接，一般在自愿的控制<1）心脏肌肉也有横条纹，但它是功能合胞在有节奏的性格和合同在没有外部支配，因为在心肌起搏细胞放电自发的存在平滑肌缺乏交叉条纹最空腔脏器中发现的类型是在性质和功能合胞体，不规则的心脏起搏器放电发现的眼睛，在其他一些地方的类型是不自发活动的，类似于骨骼肌有类似的那些肌肉在许多其他细胞中的收缩蛋白，它出现这些蛋白是负责细胞的运动性，有丝分裂和细胞内的各种组件的移动sQsAEJkW5TLesson 3 The circulatory system is the transport system that supplies O？ and substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to the tissues,returns CO2 to the lungs and other products of metabolism to the kidneys,functions in the regulation of body temperature,and distributes hormones and other agents that regulate cell function. The blood, the carrier of these substances,is pumped through a closed system of blood vessels by the heart,which in mammals is really 2 pumps in series with each other(1>.From the left ventricle ,blood is pumped through the arteries and arterioles to the capillaries,where the blood equilibrates with the interstitial fluid.The capillaries drain throuth venules into the veine and back to the right atrium.This is the major(systemic> circulation. From the right atrium, blood folws to the right ventricle , which pumps it through the vessels of the lungs---the lesser(pulmonary> cirulation---and the left atrium to the left ventricle(2>.In the pulmonary capillaries,the blood another system of closed vessels,the O2 and CO2 in the alveolar air.Some tissue fluids enother system of closed vessels,the lymphatics,which drain lymph via the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct into the venous system(the lymphatic circulation>.The cirulation is controlled by multiple regulatory systems that function in general to maintain adequate capillary blood flow---when possible,in all organs, but particularly in the heart and brain. GMsIasNXkA循环系统是运输系统，提供Ø和组织的胃肠道吸收的物质，返回CO2的肺部和其他代谢产物对肾脏，在体温调节功能，并分发激素和其他药物调节细胞的功能。
的血液，这些物质的载体，被泵送通过一个封闭的血管系统的心脏，它在哺乳动物中是真的彼此<1）串联的2个泵从左心室，血液被泵送通过的动脉和小动脉的毛细血管，血液与间质流体毛细血管漏极穿透式平衡静脉到的veine和回右atrium.This是主要循环<全身性）的从到右心室，右心房，血液folws，泵的肺部血管---较小<肺）cirulation---左心房，左心室<2）在肺毛细血管中，血液中的另一个系统的密闭容器中，O2和CO2的的肺泡air.Some组织液封闭血管，淋巴管，淋巴结经胸导管和右淋巴管进入静脉系统<淋巴循环排出enother系统） cirulation多个管理系统，功能一般，以维持足够的毛细血管血流量控制---在可能的情况下，在所有器官中，特别是在心脏和大脑TIrRGchYzgLesson 4 metabolism The endocrine system,like the nervous system,adjusts and correlates the activities of the various body systems,making them appropriate to the changing demands of the external body systems,making them appropriate to the external and internal environment(1>. Endocrine integration is brought about by hormones,chemical messengers produced by ductless glands than are transported in the circulation to target cells,where they regulate the metabolic processes(2>. The term metabolism ,meaning literally ' change ',is used to refer to all the chemical and energy transformations that occur in the body.7EqZcWLZNX如神经系统，内分泌系统，调节和身体各个系统相关活动，使他们适当的外部机构系统不断变化的需求，使他们适当的外部和内部环境<1）。
内分泌一体化所带来的激素，无管腺体比所产生的化学信使在循环中被运送到靶细胞，它们调节的代谢过程<2）的地方的长期代谢，字面意思“变”，是用来指所有的化学品和能源的转换发生在身体lzq7IGf02EThe animal organism oxidizes carbohydrates,proteins,and fats,producing principally CO2,H2O,and the energy necessary for life processes.CO2,H2O and energy are also produced when food is burned outside the body.However ,in the body,oxidation is not a onestep ,semiexplosive reaction but a complex , slow,stepwise process called catabolism, which liberates energy in small, usable amounts. Energy can be stored in the body in the from of special energy-rich phosphate compounds and in the form of proteins,fats,and complex carbohydrates synthesized from simpler molecules .formation of these substances by processes that take up rather than liberate energy is called anabolism.zvpgeqJ1hk对动物有机体的碳水化合物，蛋白质和脂肪的氧化，生产主要CO2，H2O，和必要的能量，对生命processes.CO2，H2O和能量也烧以外的body.However食物时，在体内产生，氧化是不一个一步，semiexplosive的反应，而是一个复杂的，缓慢的，渐进的过程叫分解代谢，释放出的能量小，可用金额。
能量可以被存储在身体在从特别富含能量的磷酸盐化合物和从更简单的分子合成的蛋白质，脂肪，和复杂的碳水化合物的形式形成这些物质的进程所占用，而不是解放的能量被称为合成代谢NrpoJac3v1Lesson 5 the gonadsModern genetics and experimental embryology make it clear that,in many species,the multiple difference between the male and the female depend primarily on a single chromosome (the Y chromosome> and a single pair of endocrine structures the testes in the male and the ovaries in the female. The differentiation of the primitive gonads into testes or ovaries in utero is genetically determined in domestic animals,but the formation of male genitalia depends upon the presence of a functional ,secreting testis.there is evidence that male sexual behavior and,in some species,the male pattern of gonadotropin secretion are due to the action of male hormones on the brain in early development. After birth, the gonads remain quiescent until puberty,when they are activated by gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary. Hormones secreted by the gonads at this time cause the appearance of features typical of the adult male or female and the onset of the sexual cycle in the female.in males,the gonads remain more or less active from puberty onward.1nowfTG4KI现代遗传学和实验胚胎学，清楚地表明，在许多物种中，多的男性和女性，主要取决于一个单一的染色体 在家养动物的原始性腺为睾丸或卵巢在子宫内的分化是由基因决定的，而是男性生殖器的形成取决于的功能，分泌testis.there的存在的证据表明，男性的性行为，在一些物种中，促性腺激素分泌的男性由于雄性激素对大脑处于早期开发阶段的行动出生后，保持静止，直到青春期，当它们被激活由垂体前叶的促性腺激素性腺在这个时候的性腺分泌的激素会导致出现的成年男性或女性的典型特征和发病的female.in男性的性周期，性腺仍然或多或少从青春期开始fjnFLDa5ZoIn both sexes,the gonads have a dual function:the production of germ cells(gametogenesis> and the secretion of sex hormones. The androgens are the steroid sex hormones that are masculinizing in their actionthe estrogens are those that are feminizing. Both types of hormones are normally secreted in both sexes.The testes secrete large amounts of androgens, principally testosterone ,but they also secrete small amounts of estrogens. The ovaries secrete large amounts of estrogens and small amounts of androgens . Androgens and, probably ,small amounts of estrogens are secreted from the adrenal cortex in both sexes. The ovaries also secrete progesterons,a steroid that has special funtctions in preparing the uterus for pregnancy. During pregnancy,the ovaries secrete the peptide hormone relaxin,which loosens the ligaments of the pubic symphysis and softens the cervix , facilitating delivery of the fetus. In both sexes,the gonads also secrete inhibin , a polypeptide that inhibin FSH secretion.tfnNhnE6e5男性和女性的性腺具有双重功能：生产的生殖细胞<配子）和性激素分泌。 雄激素是性激素在他们的行动是男性化的，雌激素是那些女性化激素这两种类型，通常在两个sexes.The睾丸分泌大量的雄激素，主要是睾酮分泌的，但它们也分泌少量雌激素，孕激素卵巢分泌大量的雌激素和雄激素的少量雄激素，少量的雌激素，可能是在男女两性的肾上腺皮质分泌的的卵巢也分泌progesterons的，一种类固醇，具有特殊funtctions在准备怀孕的子宫在怀孕期间，卵巢分泌的肽类激素松弛，耻骨联合韧带放松和软化宫颈，促进胎儿的交付 ，男性和女性的性腺分泌抑制素，抑制FSH分泌的多肽HbmVN777sL The secretory and gametogenic functions of the gonads are both dependent upon the secretion of the anterior pituitary gonadotropins,FSH,and LH. The sex hormones and inhibin feed back to inhibit gonadotropin secretion. In males,gonadotropin secretion is noncyclic。 but in postpuberal females an orderly,sequential secretion of gonadotropins is necessary for the occurrence of estrous cycle, pregnancy , and lactation.V7l4jRB8Hs性腺功能的分泌和gametogenic都取决于垂体前叶促性腺激素，FSH和LH的分泌抑制促性腺激素分泌的性激素和抑制饲料在男性，促性腺激素分泌非循环但在postpuberal女性分泌的促性腺激素一个有序的，连续的动情周期，妊娠和哺乳期的发生是必要的83lcPA59W9lesson 6The gastrointestinal system is the portal through which nutritive substances,vitamins,minerals and fluids enter the body.Proteins,fats,and complex carbohydrates are broken down into absorbable units(digested>,principally in the small intestine.The products of digestion and the vitamins,minerals ,and water cross the mucosa and enter the lymph or the blood(absorption>.mZkklkzaaP胃肠道系统的门户网站，通过它的营养物质，维生素，矿物质和流体进入的body.Proteins，脂肪和复杂的碳水化合物被分解成可吸收的单位<消化），主要是在消化的的小intestine.The产品和维生素，矿物质，和水穿过粘膜和输入淋巴或血液<吸收）。 AVktR43bpwDigestion of the major foodstuffs is an orderly process involving the action large number of digestive enzymes.Some of there enzymes are found in the secrtions of the salivary glands,the stomach,and the exocrine portion of the pancreas.Other enzymes are found in the luminal membranes and the cytoplasm of the cells that line the small intestine.The action of the enzymes is aided by the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach and the bile secreted by the liver.ORjBnOwcEd消化的主要食品是一个有序的过程，涉及大量的有酶存在于唾液腺，胃，和外分泌部的pancreas.Other酶的secrtions的的消化enzymes.Some的行动被发现的腔膜和该行的辅助酶的的小intestine.The行动由盐酸，由胃和由肝脏分泌的胆汁分泌的细胞的细胞质中。 2MiJTy0dTTThe mucosal cells in the small intestine have a brush border made up of numerous microvilli lining their apical surface.This border is rich in enzymes.It islined on its luminal side by a layer that is rich in neutral and amino sugars,the glycocalyx(1>.The membranes of the mucosal cells contain glycoprotein enzymes that hydrolyze carbohydrates and peptides,and the glycocalyx is made up in part of the carbohydrate portions of these glycoproteins that extend into the intestinal lumen(2>.Next to the brush border and glycocalyx is a 100 or 400υm unstirred water layer(UWL> similar to the UWL to other biologic membranes.Solutes must diffuse across the UWL to mucosal cells. The mucous coat overlying the cells also constitutes a significant barrier to diffusion.gIiSpiue7A在小肠的粘膜细胞有无数的微绒毛衬他们的心尖surface.This边界由刷子边界是富含enzymes.It islined丰富的中性糖和氨基糖，糖萼<1层是由在其管腔侧）。 粘膜细胞的膜含有糖蛋白的酶水解的碳水化合物和肽，糖萼在肠腔中<2）延伸到这些糖蛋白的碳水化合物部分的一部分往下的刷状缘和蛋白质复合物是100或400υm搅拌的水层 WwghWvVhPElesson 7The respiratory system is made up of the gas-exchanging organs(the lungs and respiratory passages> and a pump that ventilates the lungs.The pump consists of the chest wall,the respiratory muscles,which increase and decrease the size of the thoracic cavitythe centers in the brain that control the muscles and the tracts and nerves that connect the brain to the muscles.asfpsfpi4k呼吸系统的气体交换的器官<肺和呼吸道）和，通风的lungs.The的泵的泵由胸壁，呼吸肌，从而增加和减少的胸腔的大小中心在大脑中控制肌肉和的大片和神经连接大脑到肌肉ooeyYZTjj1Respiration,as the term is generally used,includes 2 processes:External respiration, the absorption of 02 and removal of CO2 from the body as a whole 。 and interal respiration,the utilization of O2 and production of CO2 by cells and the gaseous exchanges between the cells and their fluid medium.BkeGuInkxI呼吸，作为一般使用的术语，包括2个过程：外呼吸，吸收02脱除CO2的身体作为一个整体和INTERAL的呼吸，利用O2和CO2生产的细胞之间的气体交换的细胞和它们的流体介质PgdO0sRlMoThe respiratory passages that lead from the exterior to the alveoli do move than serve as gas conduits(1>.They humidify and cool or warm the inspired air so that even very hot or very cold air is at or near body temperature by the time it reaches the alveoli(2>.Bronchial secretions contain secretory immunoglobulins (IGA> and other substances that help to resist infections and maintain the integrity of the mucosa.3cdXwckm15从外观到肺泡，导致呼吸道移动加湿和降温或升温，甚至极热或极冷的空气吸入空气，使体温达到或接近的时候，它作为气体导管<1）。 到达肺泡<2）支气管分泌物中含有分泌型免疫球蛋白 the physiologically inactive decapeptide angiotensin Ⅰ is converted to the pressor ,aldosterone-stimulating octapeptide angiotesin Ⅱ.XVauA9grYP除了气体交换和国防，肺部有一些的代谢functions.They制造adjiusts表面张力的表面活性剂，呼吸过程中，有助于防止肺水肿和艾滋病的婴儿呼吸它们还包含一个纤溶系统，溶解接近的的肺vessels.In肺部，一些生物活性物质从血液中清除，但一些合成和释放进入血液，肺也可以激活一种激素，醛固酮刺激的升压，八肽的生理活性的十肽血管紧张素ⅰ转换血管紧张素ⅱbR9C6TJscwlesson 8 In the kidneys,a fluid that resembles plasma is filtered through the glomerular capillaries into the renal tubules(glomerular filtration>.As this glomerular filtrate passes down the tubules,its volume is reduced and its composition altered by the processes of tubular reabsorption(removal of water and solutes from the tubular fluid>to the urine that enters the renal pelvis.A comparison of the composition of the plasma and an average urine specimen illustrates the magnitude of some of theses changes(table1> and amphasizes the manner in which wastes are eliminated while water and important electrolytes and metabolites are conserved(1>.Furthermore,the composition of the urine can be varied,and many homeostatic regulatory mechanisms minimize or prevent changes in the composition of the ECF by changing the amount of water and various specific solutes in the urine.From the renal pelvis,the urine passes to the bladder and is expelled to the exterior by the process of urination,or micturition. The kidneys make prostaglandins and kinins, and they are also endocrine organs,secreting renin and renal erythropoietic factor and forming 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol(2>.pN9LBDdtrd流体，类似于等离子在肾脏过滤通过肾小球滤过进入肾小管，肾小球毛细血管。 由于这肾小球滤液通过肾小管，它的体积减少和结构改变的过程肾小管重吸收<去除水和溶质从管状的流体）的尿液进入肾pelvis.A等离子体的组合物，比较和一个平均的尿液样本的一些这些变化<表1）示出的幅值和amphasizes废物被消除的方式在其中而水和重要的电解质和代谢物是保守的<1）此外，尿中的组合物，可以是多种多样的，和许多稳态的调控机制减少或防止通过改变水和各种特定溶质的量的变化的组合物中的ECFurine.From肾盂，尿液传递到膀胱排尿过程中，或排尿被排出到外部肾脏，前列腺素和激肽，并且它们也是内分泌器官，分泌肾素和肾的促红细胞生成因子和形成1,25 -二羟基<2）的DJ8T7nHuGTlesson 9 The basic unit of integrated neural activity is the reflex arc. This arc consists of a sense organ,an afferent neuron,one or more synapses in a central integrating station or sympathetic ganglion,an efferent neuron ,and an effector.Inmammals,the connection between afferent and efferent somatic neurons is generally in the brain or spinal cord .The afferent neurons enter via the dorsal roots or cranial nerves and have their cell bodies in the dorsal root gantlia or in the homologous ganglia on the cranial nerves.The efferent fibers leave via the ventral roots or corresponding motor cranial nerves.The principle that in the spinal cord the dorsal roots are sensory and the ventral roots are motor is known as the Bell-Magendie low(1>QF81D7bvUA集成神经活动的基本单位是反射弧。 此弧由一个感觉器官，传入神经元，一个或多个集成在一个中央站或交感神经节，一个传出的神经元，和一个effector.Inmammals突触，传入和传出躯体神经元之间的连接通常是在脑或脊髓通过传入神经元进入神经根或颅神经和他们的机构在该的背根gantlia或节上的颅nerves.The的传出纤维的同源线离开前根或相应的电机的颅nerves.The原则通过在脊。
