林业资源的规划和政策

外文翻译译文标题：林业资源的规划和政策资料来源： 日本东京林业社会和出版社2004 作者：HideFujisawa森林进化的社会条件和经济学因此改变森林功能，并反过来影响经济学,它是一 个连 续统一体的功能的反馈系统政策机构从该系统的建立关系的角度森林作为一 个公共资 产森林规划系统维护时间和空间秩序，以体现以上资源政策森林资源政策的LI的，体现在森林法律,第一条，是"节约国家土地和促进国家经济 的培育森林和提高和维护森林生产力，”这可以看成是一个广义的概念，森林的 期望是 什么，是与社会发展一般多样化，因此，期望水平提高当这些期望组成一个 社会价值, 那么不同的功能这是主体的公民的期望成为资源（科学技术机构资源研究 学会1971） 因此，政治开发森林资源的政策通常依据人的价值判断在当询的机构，即在笫二条森林和林业基本法（以下简称《基本法》），森林资源应 适当地设法保留保护等多种功能的国家土地、水头部保护、节约自然环境、娱乐、 防止 全球变暖的，和提供森林产品在修改前，都应该按照已有的规定基本法办事另一方面，林业政策，U的是提升工业林业生产力，增加人民收入，和推进社会地位 政治动机是基于指标的一般市场，即要求木材、木材价格、木材的销售方式、林地价格、 工资林业职业，森林工业劳动循环、林业产业生产力、木材流通，森林的所 有制结构、 行为模式之中森林拥有者、汇率、趋势在国外木材进口，收入水平和生活 水平跟林业相 关的人员。

像其他任何行业,林业低于经济学的强烈影响，应该这样做 遵守的基本规则开 放竞争中经过深思熟虑的价格控制是不允许的因此，适用的手段 也可能是有限的如上所述,森林产业为指导市场，而提高森林功能是指导由公众舆论在理论上 是不 可能对这两个方面应该是兼容的，也就是说，森林工业要提升，以这样的方式来 满足足 够的森林的功能改善把这个基本问题制度问题产生的差距来预期森林的本身作用情况森林规划系统旨在建立多元化功能森林以及LI标的供应和利用森林产品在政府所的 规划的基本方案上这位规划部长在农业、林业和渔业都有建树，然后准备一 个“全国 森林的计划，”紧随其后“区域森林计划”“地方森林改善计划”这些计 划都通过实 践，为实现商业林业在各自的森林船船所有人主动实行对国有林场的营 林讣划（批准山 市长）不过，如上所述，林业生产实践的基础志愿动机的森林所有者、 分离实际的运 行和规划是一种常见的情况，无论如何深入森林的计划认为要重点实 施 尽管某些地区林业政策为了避免这样的空口，是有一个限度的效果，从上述政策 看 到明显的特点根据森林和林业的基本规律,2001年修订、林业政策都包含在我们的森林资源的 政策 第三条写道：“根据显著展出的角色的多元化功能的森林，来保护林业工人，促 进生产 力的提高水平，通过建立一个理想的林业结构，那林业发展必须想象健康。

为了参考,根据林业基本法修正公布前，在第二条,它指出，“国家林业政策的目标,根 据经济社会发展和社会生活的国家和它的人民，调整自然、经济、社会限制的缺点 森林 和预期增强林业产业生产力，而促进林业的生产力为了达到一个稳定的发展不 是差异 与其他产业，同时，预期收入的增加和向上的社会地位林业人员”有儿个原因对于修改现行政策在联合国会议环境与开发（UNCED）、1992年的 “no打egally约束力权威观点的全球共识的原则在管理保护和可持续发展所有各类森林” 5 引发了采用共识形成管理、保育和可持续发展,对所有类型的森林这随 后森林认证体系 建立在世界各国，都是不断努力的成果然而，在日本,寥寥无儿了森 林拥有者已经达到 了森林认证和森林业主一般有太关心全球问题这已经被指出在 岀版”业务森林可持续” 再在一章“小的兴趣在日本和亚洲，”，阐述“尝试森林可持续经营与森林认证在亚洲， 日本都快认不出”（简金斯与史密斯 2002） 如果这种情况在日本是继续在未来的日子里发生，亳无疑问，日本将被要求发挥 更积 极的全球性的角色，将被要求森林拥有者考虑社会责任相关的森林控股另一个原因是双方的笫三次大会（C0P3）的联合国大会的框架内气候变化。

《京都议 定书》已被采用在这里，和日本承诺要减少了二氧化碳11. 55亿吨的二氧化碳水平 为代 表的平均水平在过去数年的排放水平2008 - 2012年，减少6%从1990年的12. 29亿吨二 氧化碳的水平一为了实现这一措施是通过努力的森林管理在C0P7会议上，一个LI 标，13岁吨（4767万吨二氧化碳C, 3. 9%的标准年总排放量）证实在六月1998年，“基 本措施，防止全球变暖”被同意同年，一个“法律促进的防止全球变暖”， 今年采用 了，《京都议定书》通过日本达到一个阶段，作为一个民族,她必须交给她 责任的森林 的改进第三,人们的预期的森林已经改变在很大程度上对公众的参与森林根据一项民 意调 查结果显示所进行的内阁在1980年，人们的预期都集中在预防的灾害、木材生 产、头节 水、空气净化、抗噪措施、健康和休养，和非木质森林生产,按这个顺序排 列以类似在 1999年进行的一项民意调查显示，人们的期望其中最主要集中在预防灾害真的是在 1980 年，但真正保护了吗?第二,取代木材生产，这是在过去的换句话说， 人们的预期是主 要对公用事业转移方面的森林笫四个理由是原木的价格，这是肯定的下降。

例如，杉树（Cryptomeria粳稻）物种, 从标准下降了100年1963年），到仅为73 在同样的时间实际工资指数已增加到562分 因此,林业的盈利能力作为一个产业持续下降，自然，内部的速度还减少了比例分配在 2000年的“年度报告的森林和林业发展趋势，“回报率只有1.2%的杉树，即使包括补贴 这进一步阻碍了森林所有者从林业，因此林业本身正在经历一个巨大的下 降在这种情 况下，继续以前的政策不会是有益的凭借着管理系统、森林隔间将成为一个管理单位，而且是可持续系统产生的木材，同 时 实现多种功能森林的内部将建立森林室这样的进步，在森林经营的进一步发展汁 划系 统，建立可持续的森林管理，扩大森林认证对系统的机会外文文献原文Title: The forest planning system in relation to the forest resource and forestry policiesMaterial Source: The Japanese Forestry Society and Springer-Verlag Tokyo 2004Author:Hideo FujisawaForests evolve with social conditions and economics, which consequently change forest functions, and in turn affect socioeconomics; it is a continuum of functional feedback systems. Forest resource policies are institutions which are established in relation to this system, from the viewpoint of forests as a public asset. Forest planning systems maintain temporal and spatial order, in order to materialize the above resource policies.The objective of the forest resource policy, as stipulated under the Forest Law, Aiticle 1, is to “conserve national land and contribute to the state's economy by cultivating and sustaining forests and enhancing forest productivity/' which can be considered as a generalized concept for forest functions in the light of social welfare (Worrell 1973; Boulding 1960; Nomura I960). What is expected of a forest is to generally diversify with socioeconomic development and, consequently, expectation levels are raised ・ When such expectations compose a social value, then the various functions which are the subject of the citizens, expectations become the resources (Science and Technology Agency Resource Research Society 1971 ) ・ Therefore, the political drive of forest resource policies is generally based on peopled A*alue judgments.In the current institution, namely under Article 2 of the Forest and Forestry Basic Law (hereafter, the Basic Law), forest resources should be adequately managed to retain multiple functions such as the protection of the national land, water head conservation, conservation of the natural environment, recreation, prevention of global warming, and provision of forest products. These functions are consistentwith what was already stipulated before the revision of the Basic Law.On the other hand, forestry policies are generally made with the aim of increasing industrial forestry productivity, increasing the income of forestry-industry-related people,and advancing social status. The political motivation is commonly based on indicators from the market; namely, demand for wood, wood prices, wood sales methods, forestland prices, wages in forestry occupations, forest industry labor circulation, forestry industry productivity, wood circulation, forest ownership structure, behavior patterns among forest owners, exchange rates, trends in foreign wood imports, income levels and living standards of forestry-industry- related people. Like any cnher industry, forestry is strongly influenced by market-price economics, and should obey the basic rules of open competition where deliberate controlling of prices is not allowed. Therefore, applicable measures may be limited・As discussed above, the forest industry is guided by the market, while the improvement of forest function is guided by public opinion. It is theoretically unlikely for tllese two aspects should be compatible; that is, for the forest industry to be promoted in such a way as to meet a sufficient level of a forest\ fonction improvement ・ Tlie basic issue at hand is the institutional issue of the resulting gap between the anticipated role of the forest and the situation of the forest itself.The forest planning system indicates in numericical tenns “the matenalization of the multiple functions of the forest as well as the objectives for provision and use of forest products” within the basic plan established by the governmen・t Tlie Minister of Agi'icultiire, Forestiy and Fisheries then prepares a "nation-wide forest plan、" followed by the "regional forest plan" made by the prefectural governor、and the “local forest iinpro^xment plan" made by the head of the local government (mayor)・ These plans are realized through silvicultural practices for commercial forestry where the respective forest owner voluntarily executes the silvicultural plans (approved by the mayor)・ Nevertheless, as mentioned above, as forestry practices are based on the voluntary motivation of forest owners, dissociation between the actual operation and the plan is a common occurrence, regaidless of how thoroughly the forest plan was considered at the point of implementation ・Although certain areas depend on forestry policies in order to minimize such gaps, there is a limit to the effect, as is apparent from the aforementioned policy characteristics.According to the Forest and Forestry Basic Law, amended in 2001, forestry policies are included ill the forest resource policies・ Aiticle 3 reads, uiii light of the significant roles of exhibiting the multiple functions of forests, by securing forestry workers, promoting increases in productivity levels, and by establishing an ideal forestry structure, that forestiy must be envisioned to d 己 vulop sustainably and soundly.^ For the sake of reference, according to the Forestry Basic Law before the revision 、under Article 2, it states that “the objectives of national forestry policies are, in accordance with the socioeconomic development and social living of the state and its people, to adjust for any naturally, economically, or socially limiting disadvantages of forestry, and to anticipate enhanced forestry industry productivity, while promoting the productivity of forestry in order to attain a stable development that is not in divergence with other industries, and at the same time, to anticipate the increased income and uplifting of social status for forestry-related persomier\There are several reasons for revising the current policy.At the United Nations Conference for Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992, the "non-legally binding authoritative statement of principles for a global consensus on the management conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests^ was adopted, prompting a consensus formation on management, conservation, and sustainable development for all types of forests. This was followed by forest certification systems established in various nations around the world, and the results of these efforts have been fniitful. However, in Japan, only a few forest owners have attained forest certification, and forest owners generally have little concern about global issues.This has been pointed out in the publicationuTlie business of sustainable fbipstryj in a chapter subtitled uLittle interest in Japan and Asia/9 and elaborates that "attempts for sustainable forest management and forest certification are hardly recognized in Asia and Japan" (Jenkins and Smith 2002).If this situation in Japan is to continue in the future, there is no doubt that Japan will be required to play a more active global role; and that the forest owners will be requested to consider 什 social responsibilities associated with their forest holdings.Another reason is the Third Conference of the Parties (COP3) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The Kyoto Protocol has been adopted here, and Japan took on a commitment to decrease CO2 levels to 1.155 billion tons of CO2 for the mean average emission levels during the years of 2008-2012, a 6% decrease from the 1990 level of 1.229 billion tons CO2. One of the measures to realize this is through the efforts oftheforest management. During the COP7 Conference, a target of 13 million tons C (or 47.67 million tons CO2, 3.9% of the standard year gross emission rate) was confirmed. In June 1998, the "Essential measures to prevent global wamiing^were agreed ・ In the same year, a “Law on promoting of preventing of global wanning" was adopted, and this year Protocol was ratified by the Diet. Japan has reached a stage where, as a nation, she must commit to her responsibilities of forest improvement.Thiidly, people's expectations of forests have shifted largely towards public involvement in forests. According to an opinion poll conducted by the Cabinet Office in 1980, people's expectations were focused on the preAAention of disasters, wood production，head water conservation, air purification, antinoise measures, health and recuperation, and non-wood forest production, in that order. In a similar opinion poll conducted in 1999, peopled expectations focused most prominently on the prevention of disasters, as was the case in 1980, but water head conservation came in second, replacing wood production, which came in last・ In other words, peopled expectations of forests have been shifting largely towards the public utilities aspects of forests.The fourth reason is the price of logs, which is definitely declining ・ For example, the sugi(Cryptomeria jap on)iscpaec ies, which has declined from the standard at 100 (in 1965), to a mere 73 by 1999 ・ During the same time, the actual wage index has increased to 562 points. Consequently, the profitability of forestry as an industry has decreased consistently, and naturally, the internal rate of return has decreased proportionately. (In the 2000 uAnnual report on trends of forest and forestiy/A the return rate was only 1.2% for sugi, even when including subsidies.) This further discourages forest owners from forestry, and hence forestry itself is experiencing a tremendous decline. Under these conditions, the continuation of former policies would not be beneficial.Upon establishment of an incorporative management system, the forest compartment will become a management unit, and a silvicultural system that sustainably produces timber and at the same time realizes the multiple functions of the forest will be set up within the forest compartment.With such advances, further development in the forest management plan system, establishment of sustainable forest management, and expansion towards a forest。