考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学考前自测提分卷31(含答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题“Very few people like to talk about how much money they make—especially people who earn a lot of money,” wrote Salmon in his post Why Salaries Shouldn’t Be Secret, in the wake of news that recently—departed New York Times editor Jill Abramson had started asking questions about the pay discrepancy between her and her predecessor. “Since companies tend to be run by people who earn a lot of money, the result is a culture of silence and secrecy when it comes to pay.”There are several surprising reasons. “Secrecy surrounding pay is generally a bad idea for any organizations,” Salmon wrote. “For one thing, secrecy about pay is bad for women, who are worse at asking for raises than men are. If men secretly ask for raises and secretly get then, while women don’t, then that helps to explain, at least in part, why men end up earning more than women,” Salmon wrote. “Secrecy around pay is also a great way to allow managers to—consciously or unconsciously —play favorites with their staff.”“We’ve all worked in companies, I’m sure, where the only way to get a substantial raise is to confront management with a job offer from somewhere else,” he added. “That’s clearly a dreadful way to run a company, since it gives all employees a huge incentive to spend a lot of time looking for work elsewhere, even if they’re happy where they are.”“If you work for a company where everybody knows what everybody else is earning, then it’s going to be very easy to see what’s going on. You’ll see who the stars are, you’ll see what kind of skills and talent the company rewards,” he wrote. “You’ll also see whether men get paid more than women, whether managers are generally overpaid, and whether behavior like threatening to quit is rewarded with big raises. What’s more, because management knows that everybody else will see such things, they’ll be much less likely to do the kind of secret deals which are all too common in most companies today.”1. What do we learn from the first paragraph?2. What is a possible reason why men usually earn more than women according to Salmon?3. The italicized phrase “play favorites with” most likely means to ______.4. Another big problem secrecy about pay might cause is ______.5. What does Salmon suggest might happen if there is no secrecy in pay?问题1选项A.Salmon is the first writer who put forward the question of pay discrepancy.B.Jill Abramson left New York Times when she knew that difference in pay.C.Managers seldom talk about their pay because it is a tradition not to.D.Jill Abramson didn’t get the same pay with someone who did the same job.问题2选项A.Men are more likely to get the trust of their boss.B.Managers tend to think men are more capable than women.C.Men expect more pressure on the boss for pay raise than women.D.Men are more likely to make secret deal with the manager about pay.问题3选项A.make secret deals withB.treat differentlyC.show prejudice againstD.cheat问题4选项A.employees’ lack of full commitmentB.low productivityC.unhappy employeesD.frequent confrontations问题5选项A.Managers will earn less than they do today.B.Employees will be more skilled than today.C.It will be clear who the boss’s favorite is.D.The company will become a fairer place than today.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。

根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Since companies tend to be run by people who earn a lot of money, the result is a culture of silence and secrecy when it comes to pay.（由于公司往往是由赚大钱的人经营的，其结果是在薪酬方面形成了一种沉默和保密的文化由此可知C选项“经理们很少谈论他们的薪酬，因为这是一种传统”正确A选项“萨尔蒙是第一个提出工资差距问题的作家”文中没有说到；B选项“吉尔•艾布拉姆森知道工资的差别后离开了《纽约时报》”文章也没有明确说到这二者有因果关系；D选项“吉尔•艾布拉姆森没有和做同样工作的人得到同样的报酬”说法错误，文中只提到吉尔•艾布拉姆森质疑她和自己前辈的工资差异，并没有说到他们是否是做的同样的工作，因此C选项正确2.细节事实题根据题干可定位到文章第二段“For one thing, secrecy about pay is bad for women, who are worse at asking for raises than men are. If men secretly ask for raises and secretly get then, while women don’t, then that helps to explain, at least in part, why men end up earning more than women.（一方面，工资保密对女性不利，因为女性比男性更不善于要求加薪。

如果男人偷偷地要求加薪，然后偷偷地得到加薪，而女人却没有，那么这就有助于解释，至少在一定程度上，为什么男人最终会比女人挣得多由此可知D选项“男人更容易和经理就工资问题做秘密交易”正确A选项“男人更容易得到老板的信任”；B选项“经理们倾向于认为男人比女人更有能力”以及C选项“男性施加给经理的加薪压力比女性更大”文章都没有提及，因此D选项正确3.语义推测题根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Secrecy around pay is also a great way to allow managers to—consciously or unconsciously —play favorites with their staff.（关于薪酬的保密也是一个很好的方法，可以让管理者有意识或无意识地与员工达成某种协议）”以及前文可知A选项“与……做秘密交易”与play favorite with意思更接近B选项“区别对待”；C选项“对……有偏见”；D选项“欺骗”因此A选项正确4.细节事实题根据题干可定位到文章第三段“We’ve all worked in companies, I’m sure, where the only way to get a substantial raise is to confront management with a job offer from somewhere else,” he added. “That’s clearly a dreadful way to run a company, since it gives all employees a huge incentive to spend a lot of time looking for work elsewhere, even if they’re happy where they are.”（我敢肯定，我们都在一些公司工作过，要想获得大幅加薪，唯一的办法就是让管理层面对来自其他地方的工作邀请。

这显然是一种可怕的管理公司的方式，因为这给了所有员工巨大的动力，让他们花大量时间在别处找工作，即使他们在那里很开心由此可知薪酬保密导致如果员工想加薪就只有不停地去别处找工作，从而导致员工的心情变差，影响工作效率，C选项“不开心的员工”符合题意A选项“员工缺乏充分的承诺”；B选项“生产率低”以及D选项“频繁的对抗”文章都没有提及，因此C选项正确5.判断推理题根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“You’ll see who the stars are, you’ll see what kind of skills and talent the company rewards,” he wrote. “You’ll also see whether men get paid more than women, whether managers are generally overpaid, and whether behavior like threatening to quit is rewarded with big raises. What’s more, because management knows that everybody else will see such things, they’ll be much less likely to do the kind of secret deals which are all too common in most companies today.”（你会看到最受老板青睐的是谁，你会看到公司奖励的是什么样的技能和才能。

你还将看到，男性的薪酬是否高于女性，管理人员的薪酬是否普遍过高，以及威胁辞职等行为是否会得到大幅加薪的回报更重要的是，因为管理层知道其他人都会看到这样的事情，所以他们不太可能做今天大多数公司都太常见的秘密交易由此可知如果薪酬不保密，公司内部的各种规则会更透明化，工资制度相对来说会更公平，D选项“公司将变得比今天更公平”符合题意A选项“经理们的收入将比现在少”和B选项“员工们的技能会比今天更高”文章中并没有直接体现；C选项“老板最喜欢谁将一目了然”虽然文章有提到，但是不符合题意，因此D选项正确2.单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence—as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instinct remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering means nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social program. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk,” the advocates of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” It’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possibly, my Lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1. What is the best title for this passage?2. Recorded history has taught us _______3. It can be inferred that truly reasonable men______4. “He was none the wiser” means ______5. According to the author the best way to solve race prejudice is ______.问题1选项A.Advocating Violence.B.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C.Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.D.The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.问题2选项A.violence never solves anything.B.nothing.C.the bloodshed means nothing.D.everything.问题3选项A.can’t get a hearing.B.are looked down upon.C.are persecuted.D.have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.问题4选项A.he was not at all wise in listening.B.he was not at all wiser than nothing before.C.he gains nothing after listening.D.he makes no sense of the argument.问题5选项A.law enforcementB.knowledgeC.nonviolenceD.mopping up the violent mess【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。

文章开头说道“In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences（在一些种族偏见十分严重的国家，暴力被理所当然地视为解决分歧的一种手段）”，接着第一段的后文中又提到“We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute.（我们仍然没有认识到，暴力永远解决不了问题，反而会使问题更加严重并且全文的基调都是反暴力的，由此可知该文主要说明了暴力无法消除种族偏见A选项“崇尚暴力”；B选项“暴力无法消除种族偏见”；C选项“双方重要人士都认为暴力是一种合法的解决方案”；D选项“人类的本能是对暴力的渴望”因此B选项正确2.细节事实题根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing.（整个有记录的人类历史，那些冗长乏味的暴力记录，没有教会我们任何东西。

由此可知那些历史没有教会我们任何东西A选项“暴力解决不了任何问题”；B选项“什么都没有教会”；C选项“流血毫无意义”；D选项“所有事情”因此B选项正确3.判断推理题根据题干可定位到文章第二段的第一句话“The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement.（真正合理的人知道解决办法在哪里，他们发现越来越难得到听证，他们被自己的同类所鄙视、不信任甚至迫害，因为他们提倡执法等明显令人愤慨的事情A选项“得不到听证”；B选项“被轻视”；C选项“被迫害”；D选项“难以提倡执法”A、B、C选项出现的情况是由于真正明事理的人在推行执法，由此可推断出难以提倡执法才是真正明事理的那些人面临的主要问题。

因此D选项正确4.细节事实题根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser.（法官听了一场冗长的辩论后抱怨说，经过这么多的谈话，他什么都没有搞明白A选项“他根本不善于倾听”；B选项“他一点也不比以前聪明”；C选项“他听了之后没有一点收获”；D选项“他并不理解这场辩论”none the wise“不理解；不明白”；与make no sense of 意思相同，因此D选项正确5.作者意图题根据题干可定位到文章第二段最后一句“Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.（只要我们在法律框架内工作，就总是可能有真正和持久的解决办法A选项“执法”；B选项“知识”；C选项“非暴力”；D选项“收拾暴力的烂摊子”因此A选项正确3.单选题If you want to clarify the fact, you need two witnesses to ______ that this is your signature.问题1选项A.notifyB.certifyC.assureD.assume【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项notify“通告，通知；公布”；B选项certify“证明；保证”；C选项assure“向……保证；使确定；保证；使相信”；D选项assume“设想；假定”certify和assure都是及物动词，但certify后一般接从句，assure后一般接人称代词，意为“向……保证”句意：如果你想澄清事实，你需要两个证人来证明这是你的签名因此B选项正确4.翻译题不要抛弃学问有人说：“出去做事之后，生活问题急需解决，哪有工夫去读书？即使要做学问，既没有图书馆，又没有实验室，哪能做学问？”我要对你们说：凡是要等到有图书馆才能读书，有了图书馆也不肯读书；凡是等到有了实验室方才做研究，有了实验室也不肯做研究你有了决心就研究一个问题，自然会节衣缩食去买书，自然会想出法子来设置仪器至于时间，更不成问题达尔文一生多病，不能多做工，每天只能做一点钟的工作你们看他的成绩！每天花一点钟看10页有用的书，每年可看3600多页，30年可读11万页书，11万页书可以使你成为一个学者了答案】Never Give up the Pursuit of LearningSome people say, “Once you have a job, you’ll come up against the urgent problem of making a living. How can you manage to find time to study? Even if you want to, will it be possible with no library or no laboratory available?” Now let me tell you this. Those who refuse to study for lack of a library will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library. And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available. As long as you set your mind on studies, you will naturally cut down on food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible to acquire necessary instruments. Time is no object. Charles Darwin could only work one hour a day due to ill health. Yet what a remarkable man he was! If you spend one hour a day reading 10 pages of a book, you can finish more than 3600 pages a year, and 110000 pages in 30 years. 110000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned man of man.5.单选题A well-written composition ______ good choice of words and clear organization among other things.问题1选项A.calls onB.calls forC.calls upD.calls off【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。

A选项call on“访问，拜访；号召，请求”；B选项call for“要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为……叫喊；前往接某人”；C选项call up“打电话给；使想起；提出”；D选项call off“取消；叫走；放弃；宣告终止”句意：一篇写得好的作文，除其他外，还要求选词得当，条理清晰因此B选项正确6.单选题______ for his illness, he would have come to help you paint your house.问题1选项A.Not beingB.Not having beenC.Had it not beenD.Having it not been【答案】C【解析】考查虚拟语气当主句结构为：主语+would（should could might）+have+动词的过去分词时，从句结构应为：If+主语+had+动词的过去分词当虚拟句中的if省略时，主句中的had要提前原句应为：If it had not been for his illness...，省略if后had提前，句子变为：Had it not been for his illness...句意：如果不是因为他生病，他就会来帮你粉刷房子了。

因此C选项正确7.单选题Tom doesn’t think that the ______ situation here is as good as his hometown’s.问题1选项A.economicsB.economicC.economyD.economical【答案】B【解析】考查形近词辨析A选项economics“n. 经济学；国家的经济状况”；B选项economic“adj. 经济的，经济上的；经济学的”；C选项economy“n. 经济；节约；理财”；D选项economical“经济的；节约的；合算的”economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的“经济上的”或“有关经济学方面”的意义，一般用作定语；economical则指与“节约”同义的“经济”，相当于not wasteful，既可指人也可指物，既可作表语也可作定语句意：汤姆认为这里的经济状况不如家乡因此B选项正确8.单选题In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment. Supporters of rent control argue that it protects people who are living in apartments. Their rent cannot increase; therefore, they are not in danger of losing their homes. However, the critics say that after a long time, rent control may have negative effects. Landlords know that they cannot increase their profits. Therefore, they invest in other businesses where they can increase their profits. They do not invest in new buildings which would also be rent-controlled. As a result, new apartments are not built. Many people who need apartments cannot find any. According to the critics, the end result of rent control is a shortage of apartments in the city.Some theorists argue that the minimum wage law can cause problems in the same way. The federal government sets the minimum that an employer must pay workers. The minimum helps people who generally look for unskilled, low-paying jobs. However, if the minimum is high, employers may hire fewer workers. They will replace workers with machinery. The price, which is the wage that employers must pay, increases. Therefore, other things being equal, the number of workers that employers want decreases. Thus, critics claim, an increase in the minimum wage may cause unemployment. Some poor people may find themselves without jobs instead of with jobs at the minimum wage.Supporters of the minimum wage say that it helps people keep their dignity. Because of the law, workers cannot sell their services for less than the minimum. Furthermore, employers cannot force workers to accept jobs at unfair wages.Economic theory predicts the results of economic decisions such as decisions about farm production, rent control, and the minimum wage. The predictions may be correct only if “other things are equal”.Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. Economists do agree, however, that there are no simple answers to economic questions.1. There is the possibility that setting maximum rent may ______.2. According to the critics, rent control ______.3. The problem of unemployment will arise, ______.4. The passage tells us ______.5. Which of the following statements is NOT true?问题1选项A.cause a shortage of apartmentsB.worry those who rent apartments as homesC.increase the profits of landlordsD.encourage landlords to invest in building apartment问题2选项A.will always benefit those who rent apartmentsB.is unnecessaryC.will bring negative effects in the long runD.is necessary under all circumstances问题3选项A.if the minimum wage is set too highB.if the minimum wage is set too lowC.if the workers are unskilledD.if the maximum wage is set问题4选项A.the relationship between supply and demandB.the possible results of government controlsC.the necessity of government controlD.the urgency of getting rid of government controls问题5选项A.The results of economic decisions cannot always be predicted.B.Minimum wage cannot always protect employees.C.Economic theory can predict the results of economic decisions if other factors are not changing.D.Economic decisions should not be based on economic theory.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。

根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Landlords know that they cannot increase their profits. Therefore, they invest in other businesses where they can increase their profits. They do not invest in new buildings which would also be rent-controlled. As a result, new apartments are not built. Many people who need apartments cannot find any. According to the critics, the end result of rent control is a shortage of apartments in the city.（房东们知道他们不能通过出租公寓来增加自己的利润，因此他们会投资其他可以增加利润的业务他们不会投资新建筑，因为新建筑也会受到租金管制因此，新建公寓减少，许多需要公寓的人找不到公寓来租。

根据评论家的说法，租金管制的最终结果是城市的公寓短缺由此可知租金管制最有可能的结果就是造成城市公寓短缺，所以A选项“造成公寓短缺”说法正确B选项“使那些租公寓当房子的人发愁”文章虽然有提到，但其并不是租金管制的最终结果，故不选；C选项“增加房东的利润”说法错误，文章提到租金管制会减少房东的利润；D选项“鼓励房东投资新公寓建造”说法错误，文中说到房东们并不会投资公寓，而是其他可以增加自己利润的业务因此A选项正确2.细节事实题根据题干可定位到文章第一段“However, the critics say that after a long time, rent control may have negative effects.（然而，批评者说，长期以来，租金控制可能会产生负面影响由此可知C选项“从长远来看会带来负面影响”说法正确A选项“将永远有利于那些租房的人”；B选项“是不必要的”；D选项“在任何情况下都是必要的”都不符合文章事实，因此C选项正确3.细节事实题根据题干可定位到文章第二段“However, if the minimum is high, employers may hire fewer workers...Thus, critics claim, an increase in the minimum wage may cause unemployment.（然而，如果最低工资设置得很高，雇主可能会雇佣更少的工人……因此，批评人士声称，提高最低工资可能会导致失业。

由此可知如果最低工资设定得太高会导致失业问题的出现，所以A选项“如果最低工资设定得太高”说法正确B选项“如果最低工资设定得太低”；C选项“如果工人不熟练”；D选项“如果设定了最高工资”都不符合文章事实，因此A选项正确4.判断推理题文章第一段说到政府设置房东可以收取的公寓最高租金，即租金管制可能会造成城市公寓短缺；第二段说到政府设置最低工资可能会导致失业问题文章倒数第二段也说到“Economic theory predicts the results of economic decisions such as decisions about farm production, rent control, and the minimum wage. The predictions may be correct only if ‘other things are equal’.”（经济理论预测了经济决策的结果，如关于农业生产的决定、租金控制和最低工资只有在“其他事情是平等的”时，预测才是正确的）由此可知文章主要是利用经济理论预测了政府控制的可能结果，所以B选项“政府管制的可能结果”说法正确A选项“供求关系”文章没有提到；C选项“政府管控的必要性”说法错误，文章中提到的政府管控的结果都是负面的，从而不能说明政府管控的必要性；D选项“摆脱政府管控的紧迫性”说法错误，文章最后一段说到经济学家们对评论家们的预测意见不一，且认。