跨文化交际导论论文文本格式

《跨文化交际导论》课程论文文本格式1. 正文一律用Times New Roman小四号字，A4白色复印纸打印，字迹清楚 工整，不得大于或小于此规格行距为 2 倍，页边距为 2cm2. 一律在左边装订成册顺序为：（1） 封面（Front cover，中文）格式见后）（2） 英文标题页（单独用一页）3） 论文正文（The bulk of the paper，内容包括：论文题目、引言、 主体、结语）论文直接或间接引用他人的文献，必须按照规定格式注明出处，加以注释， 并在论文最后的参考文献中列出引文不能超过论文的三分之一7） 尾注（End notes,适用于MLA格式，另用一页）8） 参考文献（APA格式用References； MLA格式Works Cited另用一页不得少于15种，其中外文资料不得少于8种，网上资料不得超过3种）3. 字数为英文2000字左右，中文3000字左右本科课程论文（设计）题 目 学 院 专 业 年 级 学 号 姓 名 课 程 教 师 成 绩 年月日西南大学外国语学院英语专业本科论文引文及参考文献格式规范I. IntroductionAcademic writing may use American Psychological Association (APA) Style, Modern Language Association (MLA) Style, the Chicago Style, and so on. But APA and MLA are two commonly used ones. Both can be found in “style manuals” bearing their names ，for example, APA's Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) and MLA's MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (1999).The choice as to which style is appropriate for a given paper may be determined by three factors: the requirements of the particular course, the standard for the discipline in which you are studying, or your individual preference. A safe way is to consider which style will be most appropriate for your area of specialization. If you are pursuing a major in the humanities, consider learning the MLA style. If behavioral or social sciences are likely to be your interest, then the APA style may be most appropriate. Generally, humanities disciplines may include literary, philosophical, cultural, historical, translation studies, and the like. Social sciences may include applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, foreign language teaching, second language acquisition studies, and the like, which are mostly empirical studies involving statistic analyses.II. APA for Academic Writing: Essentials1. Text citationsSource material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper.A. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. The word “ and”is used before the last author when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Commas are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source, for example, Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that . . . .B. When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses. The ampersand & is used before the last author when multiple authors for a source are identified and commas are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source. And when more than two sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered alphabetically by first authors' surnames and separated and joined by semicolons in the parentheses, for example,Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).C. If publications by two or more primary authors with the same surname are cited, include the first authors' initials in all text citations, even if the publication dates differ, for example,R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied D. Identify works by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date by the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth after the year; repeat the year; separate the year-plus-suffixes with commas, for example,Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh, 1983, in press-a, in press-b) indicated that . . . .E. A major citation is separated from other citations within parentheses by the phrase “see also” used after a semicolon and before the first of the remaining citations,which are arranged in alphabetical order, for example,(Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 1997)F. Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is necessary to cite a source that you have not read (“Grayson” in the following example) but is cited in a source that you have read (“Murzynski & Degelman” in the following example), use the following format for the text citation and list only the source you have read in the References list, for example,Grayson (ascited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) suggested …G. When a source has two authors, both authors are included every time the source is cited.H. When a source has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the source is cited; in subsequent ci tations, include only the first author's surname and “et al.” and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph, for example,Payne, Bergin, Bielema, and Jenkins (1991) showed that … [Use as first citationin text.]Payne et al. (1991) showed that ... [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter.]Payne et al. showed that … [Omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within a paragraph.]I. When a source has six or more authors, cite only the first author's surname followed by “et al.” and the year for the first and subsequent citations.J. If two references with the same year shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and “et al.”, for example, Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1994) and Bradley, Soo, et al. (1994)Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1996)K. If the English translation of a non-English work is used as the source, cite the original publication date and the date of the translation, for example,Laplace (1814/1951)...L. To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone interviews), include initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible. As a personal communication is not “recoverable” information, it is not included in the References section, for example,B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed . . . .2. QuotationsWhen a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation.A. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence, for example, Patients receiving prayer had “less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and ventilated” (Byrd, 1988, p.829).B. A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation marks) apart from the surrounding text, in double-spaced block format, with each line indented five spaces from the left margin but without the usual opening paragraph indent. But with more than one paragraph, indent the first line of second and additional paragraphs five to seven spaces from the new margin.C. Enclose direct quotations within a block quotation in double quotation marks. For a quotation in running text that is already enclosed in double quotation marks, use single quotation marks to enclose quoted material.D. Type three periods with a space before and after each period to indicate an omission within a sentence. Type four periods to indicate an omission between two sentences (a period for the sentence followed by three spaced periods).E. When a period or comma occurs with closing quotation marks, place the period or comma before rather than after the quotation marks. Put other punctuation marks (e.g., colon, semicolon) outside quotation marks unless they are part of the quoted material.3. ReferencesAll sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper (and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section).A.Pagination: The References section begins on a new page.B.Heading: References (centered on the first line below the manuscript page header).C. Format: The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the References heading. Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors.D. Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are two to six authors, use the ampersand & after a comma and before the last author. When there are seven or more authors, list the first six and then use “et al.” for remaining authors. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference.Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation . . . .One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname, for example,Alleyne, R. L. (2001). ……Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999). ……References with exactly the same author (or authors in the same order) are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first, for example,Hewlett, L. S. (1996). ……Lewlett, L. S. (1999). ……Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000). ……Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001). ……References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A, An or The) that follows the date. However, if the references with the same authors published in the same year are identified as articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2), order the references in the series order, not alphabetically by title. Lowercase letters 一 a, b, c, and so on 一 are placed immediately after the year, within the parentheses, for example,Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control . . . .Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of . . . .E. Publication date: Publication date is put in parentheses following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use “n.d.” in parentheses following the authors. For any work accepted for publication but not yet printed, use “in press” in parentheses following the authors.F. Source reference: Include title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers but not titles of articles. Capitalize the major words of periodical names but not the major words of titles of books or articles.G. Publishers' locations: Give the location (city and state for U.S. publishers, city, state or province if applicable, and country for publishers outside of the U. S.) of the publishers of books, reports, brochures, and other separate, nonperiodical publications. If the publisher is a university and the name of the state (or province) is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the name in the publisher location. The names of U.S. states and territories appear in the official two-letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviations. The following major and well-known locations can be listed without a state abbreviation or country:Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Amsterdam, Jerusalem, London, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Tokyo, ViennaH. Examples of sources1. BookPaloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. (1971). Alcohol and health. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.2. Book with no author or editorMerriam-Webster's collegiate dict(i1o0nthareyd.). (1993). Springfield,MA: Merriam-Webster.3. Book with author and publisher being identicalAmerican Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.4. Article or chapter in an edited bookJames, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.Cicero, T. J. (1979). A critique of animal analogues of alcoholism. In E. Majchrowicz & E. P. Noble (Eds.), Biochemistry and pharmacology of ethanol (Volume 2, pp. 31-59). New York: Plenum Press.5. Journal articleMurzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1617-1626.[If, and only if, each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number.]Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek:The Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.6. Newspaper ArticleDi Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star Trek. Los Angeles Times, p. A3.7. Encyclopedia ArticleSturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.8. Web document on university program or department Web siteDegelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, from Vanguard University, Department of Psychology Web site: http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.cfm?doc_id=7 96[If information is obtained from a document on the Internet, provide the Internet address for the document at the end of the retrieval statement. Finish the retrieval statement with a period, unless it ends with an Internet address.]9. Data file, available from a Web siteDepartment of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. (1991). National Health Provider Inventory Home health agencies and hospices , 1991 [Data file]. Available from National Technical Information Service Web site: http://www.ntis.gov[Use “Available from” to indicate that atdhsetoUiRnLforlmeation on how to obtain the cited material, rather than to the material itself. Precede the URL with a colon.]10. Stand-alone Web document (no date)Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion. Retrieved August 3, 2001, from 11. Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date)Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, fromhttp://www.trinity.edu/mkearl/gender.html12. Journal article from databaseHien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug abuse-maternal aggression link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved May 20, 2000, from ProQuest database.[If information is retrieved from an aggregated database, providing the name of the database is sufficient and no address is needed.]13. Abstract from secondary databaseGarrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172. Abstract retrieved July 23, 2001, from PsycINFO database.14. Journal article, Internet-only journalBergen, D. (2002, Spring). The role of pretend play in children's cognitive development. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1). Retrieved February 1, 2004, fromhttp://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.html15. ERIC DocumentFuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star Trek: The Next Generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 364932)16. Unpublished paper presented at a meetingLanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.Zhou, X., Taft, M., & Shu, H. (1995, December). Morphological, orthographic, and phonological structure in the Chinese mental lexicon. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on the Cognitive Processing of Chinese and Other Asian Languages, Hong Kong, China.17. Unpublished doctoral dissertation and master's thesisWilfley, D.E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normal-weight and obese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.Almeida, D.M. (1990). Fathers' participation in family work: Consequences for fathers' stress and father-child relations. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.18. Original version of a non-English [and non-Chinese] workIsing, M. (2000). Intensitatsabhangigkeit evozierter Potenzial imEEG: Sind impulsive Personen Augmenter oder Reducer? [Intensity dependence in event-related EEG potentials: Are impulsive individuals augmenters or reducers?]. Zeitschrift f u r Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 21, 208-217.[If the original version of a non-English work is used as the source, cite the original version. Give the original title and, in brackets, the English translation. Use diacritical marks and capital letters for non-English words as done in the original language. And this only applies to a non-Chinese and non-English source.]19. Original version of a Chinese workWhen the original version of a Chinese work is used as the source, cite the original version as follows: 戴炜栋、陆国强，2007，概念能力与概念表现，《外国语》，3：10-17。

桂诗春，2005，外语教学的认知基础，《外语教学与研究》，4：243-249 刘宓庆，1999，《文化翻译论纲》北京：中国对外翻译出版公司 石毓智、李讷，2001，《汉语语法化的历程——形态句法发展的动因和机 制》北京：北京大学出版社20. Translated bookLaplace, P.-S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F.W. Truscott & F.L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published in 1814)21. English translation of a non-English journal articleStutte, H. (1972). Transcultural child psychiatry. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 38(9), 229-231.22. English translation of an article in an edited bookFreud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.),The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp.3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)4. AppendixesA common use of appendixes is to present unpublished tests or to describe complex equipment or stimulus materials.A. Pagination: Each Appendix begins on a separate page.B. Heading: If there is only one appendix, Appendix is centered on the first linebelow the manuscript page header. If there is more than one appendix, use Appendix A (or B or C, etc.). Double-space and type the appendix title (centered in uppercase and lowercase letters).C. Format: Indent the first line 5-7 spaces.III. MLA for Academic Writing: EssentialsA. In-text Citations1. Author's name in text, and page number in parentheses:Tannen has argued this point (178-85).2. Author's name and page number in parentheses:This point has already been argued (Tannen 178-85).3. Citing two or more works by the same author:Shakespeare's King Lear has been called a “comedy of the grotesque” (Frye, Anatomy 237).4. Citing a multi-volume work:Terman's studies of gifted children reveal a pattern of accelerated language acquisition (2: 279).5. Citing an indirect source:“We only used seven signs in his presence,” says Fouts, “All of his signs were learned from the other chimps at the laboratory” (qtd. in Toner 24).6. Citing a title:Chomsky claims that all humans inherit the same basic linguistic structural framework upon which their community's particular language is fitted Language 29-41)7. Parenthetical citation of two or more w。